Table 4.
Comparison of psychological states between the social anxiety disorder (SAD) and healthy control (HC) groups after virtual reality treatment.
| Measures | SAD group (n=32), mean (SD) | HC groupa (n=33), mean (SD) | t | df | P value | |
| BAIb | 9.94 (9.58) | 3.39 (3.89) | 3.59 | 40.70 | .001 | |
| STAI-Sc | 46.25 (46.25) | 35.42 (35.42) | 4.96 | 63 | <.001 | |
| STAI-Td | 47.56 (11.57) | 33.49 (7.16) | 5.92 | 63 | <.001 | |
| SPSe | 23.00 (13.03) | 5.76 (5.50) | 6.91 | 41.45 | <.001 | |
| SIASf | 35.47 (12.83) | 18.30 (6.98) | 6.67 | 47.54 | <.001 | |
| BFNEg | 37.59 (7.29) | 27.94 (7.25) | 5.35 | 63 | <.001 | |
| KSADh | 97.69 (12.55) | 49.03 (17.29) | 13.01 | 58.43 | <.001 | |
| LSASi | 64.00 (23.22) | 21.85 (15.58) | 8.62 | 63 | <.001 | |
| ISSj |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Overall | 38.78 (16.85) | 16.15 (9.26) | 6.69 | 47.85 | <.001 |
|
|
Inadequacy | 13.43 (7.81) | 4.33 (3.43) | 6.05 | 42.28 | <.001 |
|
|
Emptiness | 7.69 (4.47) | 3.30 (3.43) | 4.45 | 63 | <.001 |
|
|
Self-punishment | 7.50 (4.33) | 2.18 (1.84) | 6.41 | 41.65 | <.001 |
|
|
Fear of mistake | 10.16 (3.05) | 6.33 (2.91) | 5.17 | 63 | <.001 |
| PERSk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Negative rumination | 23.41 (11.10) | 9.52 (7.37) | 5.92 | 53.66 | <.001 |
|
|
Positive rumination | 13.56 (6.82) | 25.33 (10.29) | -5.45 | 55.76 | <.001 |
aSince the control group did not receive the virtual reality treatment, psychological states of the healthy control group were measured only at baseline.
bBAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory.
cSTAI-S: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory–State.
dSTAI-T: Sate-Trait Anxiety Inventory–Trait.
eSPS: Social Phobia Scale.
fSIAS: Social Interaction Anxiety Scale.
gBFNE: Brief-Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale.
hKSAD: Korean Social Avoidance and Distress Scale.
iLSAS: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale.
jISS: Internalized Shame Scale.
kPERS: Post-Event Rumination Scale.