Table 4.
Risk factors associated with critical illness
| Univariable OR (95%CI) | p value | Multivariable OR (95%CI)a | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 2.03 (1.61–2.62) | 8.92E-09 | ||
| Baseline(< 30) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 30–39 | 2.27 (0.31–45.77) | 0.473534 | ||
| 40–49 | 1.85 (0.26–37.22) | 0.590015 | ||
| 50–59 | 7.05 (1.25–132.86) | 0.069253 | ||
| 60–69 | 14.29 (2.62–267.08) | 0.012654 | ||
| 70–79 | 55.00 (8.15–1132.20) | 0.000512 | ||
| > 79 | 25.00 (3.18–538.98) | 0.007295 | ||
| Female sex (vs male) | 1.19 (0.65–2.24) | 0.58 | ||
| Dyspnea (vs not dyspnea) | 40.56 (16.19–117.96) | 1.28E-13 | 46.01 (15.36–169.48) | 2.30E-10 |
| Respiratory rate > 24 breaths per min (vs respiratory rate ≤ 24 breaths per min) | 15.63 (6.34–42.77) | 1.07E-08 | 5.84 (1.53–23.01) | 0.00994 |
| Comorbidity present (vs not present) | ||||
| Hypertension | 3.84 (1.92–7.64) | 0.000123 | 1.45 (0.64–3.19) | 0.365 |
| Diabetes | 3.53 (1.28–9.493) | 0.0121 | 1.74 (0.58–5.02) | 0.307 |
| Digestive tract disease | 1.29 (0.06–10.29) | 0.828 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 6.39 (1.76–25.87) | 0.00535 | 1.33 (0.32–6.00) | 0.697 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 7.96 (0.75–173.32) | 0.093 | ||
| Carcinoma | 12.18 (1.52–249.22) | 0.032 | 2.57 (0.29–54.99) | 0.434 |
| Liver disease | 4.02 (0.73–22.30) | 0.0944 | ||
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 1.29 (0.19–5.81) | 0.757 | ||
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| White blood cell count (×109/L) | 5.56 (2.69–12.43) | 9.59E-06 | 7.11 (3.04–18.43) | 1.75E-05 |
| < 3.5 | 0.39 (0.09–1.16) | 0.131 | 0.19 (0.03–0.75) | 0.034956 |
| 3.5–9.5 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| > 9.5 | 7.94 (3.19–21.18) | 1.43E-05 | 8.38 (2.82–26.64) | 0.00018 |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 0.33 (0.16–0.64) | 0.00144 | 0.49 (0.23–1.00) | 0.0584 |
| < 1.1 | 3.68 (1.83–7.94) | 0.000452 | 2.41 (1.09–5.63) | 0.0342 |
| 1.1–3.2 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| > 3.2 | 4.18 (0.19–47.28) | 0.258274 | 1.96 (0.08–26.78) | 0.6238 |
| Neutrophil count (x109/L) | 2.81 (1.54–5.31) | 0.00106 | 3.00 (1.50–6.30) | 0.00259 |
| < 1.8 | 1.00 (0.35–2.49) | 0.998 | 0.94 (0.28–2.77) | 0.915091 |
| 1.8–6.3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| > 6.3 | 5.13 (2.33–11.44) | 5.11E-05 | 6.03 (2.31–16.18) | 0.000268 |
| Monocyte count(x109/L) | 1.35 (0.63–2.81) | 0.42501 | ||
| < 0.1 | 3.69 (0.14–94.79) | 0.36 | ||
| 0.1–0.6 | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| > 0.6 | 1.53 (0.69–3.21) | 0.274 | ||
| Platelet count (x109/L) | 1.16 (0.55–2.57) | 0.698881 | ||
| < 125 | 1.18 (0.49–2.62) | 0.693 | ||
| 125–350 | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| > 350 | 3.68 (0.66–20.52) | 0.119 | ||
| NLR | 3.92 (2.11–7.59) | 2.57E-05 | 4.17 (2.00–9.26) | 0.000231 |
| < 0.78 | NAb | 0.986 | NA | 0.98938 |
| 0.78–3.53 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| > 3.53 | 3.73 (1.96–7.32) | 8.52E-05 | 3.78 (1.73–8.65) | 0.00113 |
| APTT(s) | 1.90 (0.92–3.94) | 0.082165 | ||
| < 21 | NA | 0.985 | ||
| 21–37 | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| > 37 | 1.48 (0.63–3.30) | 0.352 | ||
| fibrinogen(g/L) | 3.06 (1.58–5.99) | 0.000969 | 2.69 (1.27–5.84) | 0.01063 |
| < 2 | NA | 0.9898 | NA | 0.9874 |
| 2–4 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| > 4 | 2.90 (1.46–5.77) | 0.0023 | 2.38 (1.07–5.33) | 0.0334 |
| D-dimer (μg/mL) | 2.52 (1.29–4.96) | 0.00699 | 2.52 (1.14–5.63) | 0.0228 |
| ESR (mm/1 h) | 2.18 (1.05–4.54) | 0.0364 | 2.54 (0.99–6.65) | 0.052685 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 4.40 (1.77–13.36) | 0.00337 | 2.83 (1.03–9.34) | 0.0598 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.02 (1.04–4.09) | 0.0434 | 1.68 (0.76–3.90) | 0.210687 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 2.16 (1.16–4.13) | 0.0172 | 1.47 (0.71–3.12) | 0.30 |
| < 91 | 0.34 (0.012–1.84) | 0.3101 | 0.38 (0.02–2.56) | 0.407692 |
| 91–230 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| > 230 | 2.04 (0.98–4.22) | 0.0539 | 1.29 (0.53–3.08) | 0.563397 |
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 1.77 (0.82–3.72) | 0.136 | ||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.67 (0.62–4.73) | 0.3153 | ||
| < 44 | 1.27 (0.26–4.77) | 0.7402 | ||
| 44–112 | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| > 112 | 2.95 (0.79–11.09) | 0.0987 | ||
| BUN (mmol/L) | 8.09 (2.84–29.37) | 0.000331 | 9.20 (2.87–38.15) | 0.000611 |
| < 2.5 | 0.67 (0.10–2.76) | 0.622078 | 0.54 (0.05–3.14) | 0.54405 |
| 2.5–7.1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| > 7.1 | 18.16 (4.68–120.23) | 0.000229 | 18.57 (4.23–133.27) | 0.00053 |
| AST (U/L) | 2.30 (1.19–4.44) | 0.0131 | 2.29 (1.05–5.03) | 0.036656 |
| ALT(U/L) | 2.28 (1.09–4.70) | 0.0269 | 3.67 (1.45–9.47) | 0.00615 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 5.71 (2.47–13.68) | 5.84E-05 | 5.53 (2.12–14.92) | 0.000548 |
| < 3 | NA | 0.989 | NA | 0.990348 |
| 3–21 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| > 21 | 5.60 (2.40–13.50) | 8.12E-05 | 5.50 (2.10–14.88) | 0.000584 |
| SOFA score | 2.88 (2.10–4.16) | 1.15E-09 | 2.77 (1.95–4.16) | 1.20E-07 |
| 0 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| 1 | NA | 0.99253 | NA | 0.992699 |
| 2 | 14.68 (3.43–102.01) | 0.00112 | 10.72 (2.25–79.00) | 0.006283 |
| 3 | 36.64 (8.66–256.66) | 1.34E-05 | 35.09 (6.91–279.80) | 9.44E-05 |
| 4 | 108.50 (16.22–1247.72) | 1.34E-05 | 73.50 (9.45–9.52) | 0.000177 |
| 5 | 403.00 (49.95–9761.98) | 2.01E-06 | 474.72 (38.22–27,290.59) | 8.24E-05 |
| 6 | NA | 0.99582 | NA | 0.996041 |
| 7 | NA | 0.99759 | NA | 0.998477 |
OR Odds ratio, NLR Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, APTT Activated partial thromboplastin time, FIB Fibrinogen, ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, PCT Procalcitonin, CRP C-reactive protein, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, CK Creatine kinase, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, AST Aspartate transaminase, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, TBIL Total bilirubin, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
a Independent risk factors were identified with multivariable logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders (details in supplementary material)
bToo few cases