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. 2020 Oct 20;18:400. doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02574-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Intervention to reduce ROS for the prevention of CIN: evidence from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. In response to the mechanisms involved in ROS production in CIN, interventions to reduce ROS via complex pathways are illustrated. The MAPK pathway was inhibited by statins, GKT137831 and probucol. The SIRT1 pathway was inhibited by resveratrol. Rho/ROCK pathway was inhibited by fasudil. The Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway was inhibited by sulforaphane and salvianolic acid B. Antioxidant agents reported to exert benefits in CIN prevention have also been shown in this figure. CIN, contrast-induced nephropathy; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MESNA, sodium-2-mercaptoethane sulphonate; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; Nrf-2/HO-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1; ROCK, rho-kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SIRT1, silent information regulator