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. 2020 Oct 20;10:17802. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74836-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Valproic acid decreases IFN-γ production by NK cells induced by IL-12 and IL-18. (A) 5 × 10⁴ purified spleen NK cells from were pre-incubated 1 h with VPA (2 mM) and then stimulated with IL-12 (20 ng/mL) plus IL-18 (100 ng/mL) for 18 h. IFN-γ levels were evaluated in culture supernatants by ELISA (n = 10 per group; ***p < 0.001, VPA + IL-12/IL-18 vs IL-12/IL-18 groups). NK cells were treated or not with VPA for 19 h and the expression of (B) IL-12Rβ2 and (C) IL-18Ra was evaluated by flow cytometry. The histograms show representative examples of IL-12Rβ2 and IL-18Ra expression in untreated or VPA-treated NK cell. Dotted line represents an isotype control (I.C.). The graphs show the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). (n = 6 per group; N.S., Not Significant; Untr., Untreated cells). Data are expressed as median and range; Mann Whitney or Kruskal–Wallis, as appropriate.