Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of the study patients according to the presence of diabetes mellitus
| DM (n = 548) | Non-DM (n = 1516) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 70 ± 11 | 66 ± 13 | < 0.0001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 430 (78%) | 1086 (72%) | 0.002 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28 ± 5 | 26 ± 4 | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 439 (80%) | 897 (59%) | < 0.0001 |
| Smokers, n (%) | 166 (30%) | 524 (35%) | 0.07 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 348 (64%) | 682 (45%) | < 0.0001 |
| STEMI, n (%) | 237 (43%) | 779 (51%) | 0.001 |
| Prior MI, n, (%) | 204 (37%) | 331 (22%) | < 0.0001 |
| Prior CABG, n (%) | 110 (20%) | 141 (9%) | < 0.0001 |
| Prior PCI, n (%) | 199 (36%) | 319 (21%) | < 0.0001 |
| LVEF (%) | 48 ± 12 | 51 ± 12 | < 0.0001 |
| Time-to-presentation (hours) | 12.9 ± 26.5 | 12.3 ± 26.4 | 0.64 |
| CA/PCI in hospital, n (%) | 495 (90%) | 1436 (95%) | 0.0005 |
| Laboratory values at hospital admission | |||
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 5.32 (1.86–21.51) | 3.24 (1.35–10.03) | < 0.0001 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 202 ± 82 | 133 ± 42 | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.02 (0.8–1.3) | 0.92 (0.8–1.1) | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 73 ± 32 | 80 ± 25 | < 0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13 ± 2 | 14 ± 2 | < 0.0001 |
| hs-Tn I (ng/L) | 6824 ± 34,686 | 5875 ± 21,937 | 0.48 |
| Medication before AMI | |||
| Statins, n (%) | 275 (51%) | 415 (28%) | < 0.0001 |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 271 (49%) | 541 (36%) | < 0.0001 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 281 (51%) | 452(30%) | < 0.0001 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 307 (56%) | 443 (29%) | < 0.0001 |
| In-hospital complications | |||
| Death, n (%) | 14 (2.6%) | 26 (1.7%) | 0.22 |
| Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 41 (7%) | 76 (5%) | 0.03 |
| Acute pulmonary edema, n (%) | 92 (17%) | 122 (8%) | < 0.0001 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 28 (5%) | 50 (3%) | 0.06 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 79 (14%) | 130 (9%) | 0.0005 |
| VT/VF, n (%) | 28 (5%) | 140 (9%) | 0.002 |
| High-degree AV block, n (%) | 25 (5%) | 49 (3%) | 0.15 |
| Major bleeding, n (%) | 36 (7%) | 36 (2%) | < 0.0001 |
| Medication at hospital discharge | |||
| Dual antiplatelet therapy, n (%) | 488 (91%) | 1444 (97%) | < 0.0001 |
| Statins, n (%) | 491 (92%) | 1363 (91%) | 0.74 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 444 (83%) | 1138 (77%) | 0.002 |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 356 (67%) | 901 (61%) | 0.01 |
ACEi Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blockers, AV Atrio-ventricular, CA Coronary angiography, CABG Coronary artery bypass graft, DM Diabetes mellitus, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c Glycated haemoglobin, hs-CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hs-TnI High-sensitivity troponin I, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, MI Myocardial infarction, PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention, STEMI ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, VT/VF Ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation