Table 3.

Excess costs and QALY loss in Beijing population associated with cardiovascular diseases that are attributable to PM_2.5 ambient air pollution in 2015

	Excess costs* (million)	QALY loss†	NML‡ (million)
Male
Age 18–19	US$0.3	30	US$1.0
Age 20–24	US$0.7	371	US$9.2
Age 25–29	US$2.8	2598	US$62.7
Age 30–34	US$2.2	1395	US$34.4
Age 35–39	US$4.0	2795	US$68.4
Age 40–44	US$4.5	2942	US$72.3
Age 45–49	US$6.5	3043	US$76.7
Age 50–54	US$8.3	2610	US$68.5
Age 55–59	US$6.1	3881	US$95.6
Age 60–64	US$12.5	4160	US$108.4
Age 65–69	US$5.2	4697	US$113.5
Age 70–74	US$7.0	4774	US$117.0
Age 75–79	US$12.2	4730	US$121.3
Age 80–84	US$10.1	4699	US$118.5
Age 85–89	US$5.4	1461	US$39.1
Male total	US$87.9	44 186	US$1106.4
Female
Age 18–19	US$0.1	1	US$0.1
Age 20–24	US$0.4	175	US$4.4
Age 25–29	US$0.6	246	US$6.3
Age 30–34	US$0.7	415	US$10.3
Age 35–39	US$0.6	359	US$8.9
Age 40–44	US$0.7	581	US$14.1
Age 45–49	US$1.9	701	US$18.1
Age 50–54	US$4.5	3215	US$78.6
Age 55–59	US$8.0	4458	US$110.7
Age 60–64	US$5.7	4169	US$101.8
Age 65–69	US$7.9	4837	US$119.4
Age 70–74	US$8.3	5610	US$137.6
Age 75–79	US$7.2	9891	US$235.2
Age 80–84	US$6.4	7853	US$187.4
Age 85–89	US$7.0	5878	US$142.5
Female total	US$60.1	48 388	US$1175.4
Total	US$147.9	92 574	US$2281.8

*Excess costs were the difference between the costs of the population (or the population in a certain age group) when exposed to the PM_2.5 concentration of 105 µg/m³ and the costs of the same population when exposed to the PM_2.5 concentration of 35 µg/m³.

†QALY loss was the difference between the QALYs of the population (or the population in a certain age group) when exposed to the PM_2.5 concentration of 35 µg/m³ and the QALYs of the same population when exposed to the PM_2.5 concentration of 105 µg/m³.

‡NML was the sum of excess costs and monetised QALY loss.

NML, net monetary loss; PM, particulate matter; QALY, quality-adjusted life-years.