Table 1.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis of no recent primary care contact (primary care visit in the past year or recent general health check attendance) vs those with contact in CVD-free 40- to 69- year-old males: adjusted ORs for gender/age and gender/age/education/financial constraints
| Co-variates | Level | OR (adjusted for age) | p Value | OR (adjusted for age/education/financial) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education level | 1. Elementary only 2. Intermediary 3. Graduate |
Ref 0.83 (0.59;1.17) 0.69 (0.48;0.98) |
0.293 0.041 |
||
| Household financial constraints | 1. Constrained 2. Intermediary 3. Relatively unconstrained |
Ref 0.84 (0.58;1.21) 0.79 (0.54;1.16) |
0.356 0.227 |
||
| Single | 0. No 1. Yes |
Ref 0.95 (0.68;1.33) |
0.767 | Ref 0.94 (0.67;1.33) |
0.725 |
| Smoking status | 1. Never smoker 2. Ex-smoker 3. Current smoker |
Ref 0.90 (0.65;1.24) 1.44 (1.06;1.96) |
0.523 0.021 |
Ref 0.89 (0.64;1.25) 1.39 (1.00;1.91) |
0.509 0.047 |
| Alcohol use disorder level | 1. Non-drinker past year 2. Low (AUDIT score <8) 3. High (AUDIT score 8+) |
Ref 1.33 (0.90;1.96) 1.32 (0.86;2.02) |
0.150 0.207 |
Ref 1.44 (0.96;2.14) 1.39 (0.90;2.17) |
0.077 0.139 |
| Alcohol intake | 1. Non-drinker 2. <2.5 g/day 3. 2.5–6.9 g/day 4. 7–14.9 g/day 5. 15–20.9 g/day 6. 21+g/day |
Ref 1.41 (0.89;2.23) 1.51 (0.99;2.32) 1.32 (0.83;2.09) 0.99 (0.56;1.75) 1.16 (0.74;1.84) |
0.143 0.058 0.238 0.967 0.516 |
Ref 1.54 (0.95;2.49) 1.61 (1.04;2.49) 1.41 (0.89;2.27) 1.08 (0.60;1.93) 1.21 (0.76;1.94) |
0.077 0.033 0.146 0.800 0.424 |
| Physical activity | 0. Inactive 1. Moderately inactive 2. Moderately active 3. Active |
Ref 0.82 (0.43;1.57) 0.96 (0.55;1.65) 0.83 (0.47;1.46) |
0.547 0.871 0.520 |
Ref 0.81 (0.42;1.56) 0.97 (0.55;1.70) 0.78 (0.43;1.39) |
0.523 0.920 0.392 |
| BMI category | 1. Normal/underweight (<25 kg/m2) 2. Overweight (25–29 kg/m2) 3. Obese (30+ kg/m2) |
Ref 0.84 (0.63;1.12) 1.09 (0.78;1.50) |
0.244 0.618 |
Ref 0.89 (0.66;1.20) 1.12 (0.80;1.56) |
0.443 0.515 |
| Self-rated general health Very good-Excellent | 0. Poor/Fair/Good 1. Very good/Excellent |
Ref 1.80 (1.39;2.33) |
<0.001 | Ref 1.84 (1.41;2.39) |
<0.001 |
| Chest pain | 1. No chest pain 2. Non-anginal chest pain 3. Grade 1 angina 4. Grade 2 angina |
Ref 0.69 (0.50;0.93) 0.72 (0.40;1.30) 0.52 (0.11;2.53) |
0.016 0.275 0.420 |
Ref 0.69 (0.51;0.94) 0.74 (0.41;1.34) 0.50 (0.10;2.44) |
0.020 0.321 0.392 |
| CVD risk score | 1. <1% 2. 1–4.9% 3. 5+% |
Ref 1.03 (0.67;1.59) 2.08 (1.15;3.76) |
0.890 0.016 |
Ref 0.98 (0.63;1.53) 2.05 (1.11;3.76) |
0.945 0.021 |
| Hypertension | 1. Normotensive 2. Controlled hypertension 3. Uncontrolled hypertension 4. Untreated hypertension |
Ref 0.38 (0.22;0.64) 0.71 (0.48;1.03) 1.22 (0.91;1.62) |
<0.001 0.073 0.182 |
Ref 0.38 (0.23;0.66) 0.70 (0.48;1.03) 1.19 (0.89;1.60) |
0.001 0.074 0.238 |
| Hypertension awareness | 0. No 1. Yes |
Ref 0.59 (0.46;0.76) |
<0.001 | Ref 0.60 (0.46;0.78) |
<0.001 |
| Diabetic* | 0. Not diabetic 1. Diabetic |
Ref 0.61 (0.35;1.06) |
0.077 | Ref 0.63 (0.36;1.10) |
0.105 |
| Chronic kidney disease status | 0. Normal 1. Reduced filtration rate |
Ref 0.79 (0.33;1.90) |
0.602 | Ref 0.71 (0.28;1.79) |
0.463 |
| Care-intensive diseases† | 0. No 1. Yes |
Ref 0.72 (0.55;0.94) |
0.017 | Ref 0.71 (0.54;0.93) |
0.014 |
*Diabetic defined as self-reported disease, medication, or elevated HbA1c.
†Care-intensive conditions included CKD, chronic bronchitis, cancer, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, migraine, opioid analgesics use.
AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.