Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis of no recent primary care contact (primary care visit in past year or recent general health check attendance) versus those with contact in CVD-free 40- to 69-year-old females: adjusted ORs for gender/age and gender/age/education/financial constraints
| Co-variates | Level | OR (adjusted for age) | p Value | OR (adjusted for age/education/financial) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education level | 1. Elementary only 2. Intermediary 3. Graduate |
Ref 0.60 (0.39;0.91) 0.57 (0.37;0.89) |
0.017 0.013 |
||
| Household financial constraints | 1. Constrained 2. Intermediary 3. Relatively unconstrained |
Ref 0.70 (0.50;0.99) 0.76 (0.52;1.11) |
0.048 0.157 |
||
| Single | 0. No 1. Yes |
Ref 0.97 (0.74;1.28) |
0.835 | Ref 0.95 (0.71;1.27) |
0.738 |
| Smoking status | 1. Never smoker 2. Ex-smoker 3. Current smoker |
Ref 0.93 (0.63;1.37) 1.73 (1.24;2.41) |
0.721 0.001 |
Ref 0.92 (0.62;1.36) 1.67 (1.18;2.36) |
0.666 0.004 |
| Alcohol use disorder level | 1. Non-drinker past year 2. Low (AUDIT score <8) 3. High (AUDIT score 8+) |
Ref 1.00 (0.64;1.58) 1.81 (0.79;4.12) |
0.988 0.158 |
Ref 1.00 (0.64;1.60) 1.72 (0.75;3.94) |
0.971 0.202 |
| Alcohol intake | 1. Non-drinker 2. <2.5 g/day 3. 2.5–6.9 g/day 4. 7–14.9 g/day 5. 15–20.9 g/day 6. 21+g/day |
Ref 1.02 (0.64;1.61) 0.95 (0.57;1.60) 1.16 (0.59;2.30) 1.06 (0.37;3.10) 1.79 (0.67;4.78) |
0.947 0.852 0.662 0.911 0.245 |
Ref 1.03 (0.65;1.65) 0.94 (0.55;1.60) 1.14 (0.57;2.30) 1.04 (0.35;3.05) 1.81 (0.67;4.88) |
0.890 0.822 0.707 0.946 0.239 |
| Physical activity | 0. Inactive 1. Moderately inactive 2. Moderately active 3. Active |
Ref 1.44 (0.75;2.75) 1.21 (0.70;2.09) 1.25 (0.70;2.24) |
0.277 0.500 0.443 |
Ref 1.37 (0.70;2.68) 1.14 (0.65;2.02) 1.13 (0.62;2.09) |
0.356 0.645 0.689 |
| BMI category | 1. Normal/underweight (<25 kg/m2) 2. Overweight (25–29 kg/m2) 3. Obese (30+ kg/m2) |
Ref 0.84 (0.60;1.18) 1.04 (0.75;1.44) |
0.308 0.837 |
Ref 0.79 (0.55;1.12) 0.99 (0.71;1.39) |
0.184 0.950 |
| Self-rated general health Very good-Excellent | 0. Poor/Fair/Good 1. Very good/Excellent |
Ref 1.48 (1.13;1.95) |
0.005 | Ref 1.63 (1.23;2.16) |
0.001 |
| Chest pain | 1. No chest pain 2. Non-anginal chest pain 3. Grade 1 angina 4. Grade 2 angina |
Ref 0.63 (0.45;0.88) 0.85 (0.56;1.28) 0.22 (0.05;0.94) |
0.006 0.442 0.041 |
Ref 0.64 (0.45;0.90) 0.87 (0.57;1.32) 0.23 (0.05;0.95) |
0.009 0.503 0.043 |
| CVD risk score | 1. <1% 2. 1–4.9% 3. 5+% |
Ref 1.05 (0.65;1.69) 2.58 (1.27;5.23) |
0.852 0.009 |
Ref 1.08 (0.66;1.76) 2.49 (1.20;5.16) |
0.766 0.014 |
| Hypertension | 1. Normotensive 2. Controlled hypertension 3. Uncontrolled hypertension 4. Untreated hypertension |
Ref 0.39 (0.24;0.62) 0.87 (0.57;1.31) 1.51 (1.04;2.19) |
<0.001 0.503 0.029 |
Ref 0.38 (0.24;0.62) 0.80 (0.52;1.24) 1.49 (1.02;2.19) |
<0.001 0.320 0.039 |
| Hypertension awareness | 0. No 1. Yes |
Ref 0.58 (0.43;0.79) |
<0.001 | Ref 0.54 (0.40;0.74) |
<0.001 |
| Diabetic* | 0. Not diabetic 1. Diabetic |
Ref 0.74 (0.44;1.27) |
0.248 | Ref 0.75 (0.45;1.27) |
0.292 |
| Chronic kidney disease status | 0. Normal 1. Reduced filtration rate |
Ref 1.84 (1.00;3.39) |
0.049 | Ref 1.77 (0.94;3.32) |
0.075 |
| Care-intensive diseases† | 0. No 1. Yes |
Ref 0.57 (0.43;0.76) |
<0.001 | Ref 0.57 (0.43;0.76) |
<0.001 |
*Diabetic defined as self-reported disease, medication, or elevated HbA1c.
†Care-intensive conditions included CKD, chronic bronchitis, cancer, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, migraine, opioid analgesics use.
AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.