Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Number of Socially Determined Vulnerabilities to Health Disparities and Incident Heart Failure, Age Group <65 years old.
| Groups by Number of Vulnerabilities | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 or more | p-value | |
| N | 2,971 | 3,801 | 2,549 | 2,820 | |
| Vulnerability Factors | |||||
| Black race, N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1396 (36.7%) | 1534 (60.2%) | 2373 (84.1%) | 0.001 |
| Low education (< High school), N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 54 (1.4%) | 169 (6.6%) | 784 (27.8%) | 0.001 |
| Low annual household income (< $35,000), N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 720 (18.9%) | 1411 (55.4%) | 2290 (81.2%) | <0.001 |
| Zip code level poverty (25% residents living below Federal poverty line), N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 174 (4.6%) | 584 (22.9%) | 1599 (56.7%) | <0.001 |
| Residence in the worst ranked states for public health infrastructure, N (%)* | 0 (0.0%) | 1383 (36.4%) | 1110 (43.5%) | 1767 (62.7%) | <0.001 |
| No health insurance, N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 74 (1.9%) | 290 (11.4%) | 1108 (39.3%) | <0.001 |
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||
| Age, Mean (SD) | 56.9 (4.9) | 57.2 (4.9) | 57.2 (4.9) | 57.3 (5.1) | 0.019 |
| Female, N (%) | 1415 (47.6%) | 2083 (54.8%) | 1547 (60.7%) | 1830 (64.9%) | <0.001 |
| Southeast region (Stroke Belt or Stroke Buckle), N (%)† | 1163 (39.1%) | 2231 (58.7%) | 1592 (62.5%) | 1968 (69.8%) | <0.001 |
| Medical Conditions | |||||
| Hypertension, N (%) | 1071 (36.0%) | 1828 (48.1%) | 1442 (56.6%) | 1854 (65.7%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 1606 (54.1%) | 2036 (53.6%) | 1336 (52.4%) | 1510 (53.5%) | 0.73 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 264 (8.9%) | 555 (14.6%) | 536 (21.0%) | 738 (26.2%) | <0.001 |
| Use of Medications | |||||
| Antihypertensive medications, N (%) | 1026 (34.5%) | 1670 (43.9%) | 1355 (53.2%) | 1631 (57.8%) | <0.001 |
| Statins, N (%) | 757 (25.5%) | 925 (24.3%) | 586 (23.0%) | 659 (23.4%) | 0.12 |
| Insulin, N (%) | 42 (1.4%) | 106 (2.8%) | 117 (4.6%) | 201 (7.1%) | <0.001 |
| Functional Status | |||||
| SF-12 physical component score, Median (IQR)‡ | 53.2 (47.78, 56.0) | 52.1 (45.1, 55.5) | 50.3 (40.1, 54.8) | 47.1 (36.0, 53.6) | <0.001 |
| SF-12 mental component score, Median (IQR)§ | 56.1 (52.8, 58.6) | 56.1 (51.7, 58.8) | 55.9 (50.1, 58.9) | 54.8 (45.3, 58.6) | <0.001 |
| Health Behaviors | |||||
| Current cigarette Smoking, N (%) | 362 (12.2%) | 601 (15.8%) | 533 (20.9%) | 824 (29.2%) | <0.001 |
| Risky alcohol consumption, N (%) | 183 (6.2%) | 177 (4.7%) | 95 (3.7%) | 91 (3.2%) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, N (%) | 2163 (72.8%) | 2677 (70.4%) | 1686 (66.1%) | 1811 (64.2%) | <0.001 |
| High adherence to Mediterranean diet, N (%) | 629 (21.2%) | 781 (20.5%) | 399 (15.7%) | 341 (12.1%) | <0.001 |
| Physiological Factors | |||||
| Body mass index, Mean (SD)‖ | 28.6 (5.5) | 29.5 (6.0) | 30.6 (6.7) | 30.9 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, Mean (SD) | 121.1 (14.2) | 124.0 (15.4) | 126.2 (16.1) | 129.5 (17.1) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, Mean (SD) | 75.8 (9.0) | 77.2 (9.3) | 78.2 (9.4) | 79.70(10.5) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, Mean (SD) | 195.6 (36.9) | 196.5 (39.2) | 197.3 (40.8) | 196.7 (42.2) | 0.47 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol, Median (IQR) | 49.0 (40.0, 61.0) | 50.0 (40.0, 61.0) | 49.0 (41.0, 60.0) | 50.0 (41.0, 61.0) | 0.20 |
| C-reactive protein≥3, N (%) | 819 (27.6%) | 1389 (36.5%) | 1123 (44.1%) | 1383 (49.0%) | <0.001 |
| Urinary Albumin/Creatinine ratio≥30 (mg/g), N (%) | 192 (6.5%) | 293 (7.7%) | 310 (12.2%) | 460 (16.3%) | <0.001 |
| Estimated GFR from the CKD-Epi equation, Median (IQR) | 94.2 (82.6, 99.7) | 95.1 (82.6, 103.1) | 96.6 (83.7, 108.3) | 99.5 (84.8, 112.2) | <0.001 |
Public Health Infrastructure is calculated based on the America’s Health Ranking data, and flags nine states (Louisiana, New Mexico, Mississippi, Nevada, South Carolina, Florida, Arkansas, Texas, Tennessee) that belonged to the states with the worst public health infrastructure for at least 8 years during the ten-year period prior REGARDS enrollment (1993- 2002).
REGARDS study oversampled residents from the stroke belt (Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and the noncoastal regions in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) and the stroke buckle (the coastal regions within North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia).
Ranges from 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates better physical health.
Ranges from 0 to 100, and a higher score indicates better mental health.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Note. p-values correspond with ANOVA for continuous variables that are normally distributed, Wilcoxon rank-sum (2 groups) or Kruskal-Wallis (>2 groups) for continuous variables that are skewed, and Pearson’s chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test for binary and categorical variables