Figure 2.

Representative contributions of ion channels to glioma cell proliferation. TRPM7 may activate proliferation through the Notch, PI3K/mTOR, and MAPK pathways. The nuclear localization sequence (NLS) on hEAG/hERG causes perinuclear localization of these channels and activates the MAPK pathway. Increased hEAG/hERG expression and VGCC activity results in an increased influx of Ca²⁺ ions which causes increased cell cycle transition and cell proliferation through calmodulin activation. ANO1 overexpression activates NF-κB. Interestingly, Kv2.1 overexpression increases autophagy through phosphorylated ERK1/2, which results in increased apoptosis and attenuates proliferation. *; Postulated mechanism.