Table 1.
Ion Channels and Glioma Invasion/Migration
| Ion channel | Ions | Mechanisms/Effects on Migration/Invasion |
|---|---|---|
| KCa3.1 (Ca2+ activated K+ channel) | K+ | K+ efflux in the trailing edge |
| BK (or KCa1.1) (Ca2+ activated K+ channel) | K+ | K+ efflux in the migrating edge |
| CLC-3 (voltage-gated Cl− channel 3) | Cl− | Cl− efflux in the trailing edge |
| NKCC1 (Na+K+Cl− cotransporter 1) | Na+, K+, Cl− | Na+, K+, Cl− influx in the migrating edge |
| Kir4.1 (Inward rectifier K+ channel) | K+ | Inhibition of this channel enhances cell migration |
| Kir4.2 | K+ | α9β1 integrin-mediated migration |
| Swelling-induced Cl− channels (VRAC) | Cl− | Promotes gene transcription through modulation of signaling pathways |
| ANO1 (Anoctamin-1) Ca2+ activated Cl− channel (TMEM16A) | Cl− | Activation of NF-κB signaling pathway |
| KCC3 (K+Cl− cotransporter) | K+, Cl− | Unclear |
| TRPM7 | Ca2+ | Ca2+ influx and activating Ca2+-dependent pathways |
| TRPV4 | Ca2+ | Activation of Rac1 by Akt phosphorylation |
| TRPC1 | Ca2+ | Localizes in the migrating edge, Involved in chemotaxis towards EGF |
| Calcium Release Channel IP3R | Ca2+ | Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores |
| Cav3.1, Cav3.2 (voltage-gated Ca2+ channels) | Ca2+ | Ca2+ influx and activating Ca2+-dependent pathways |
| ASIC1 and ENaC (Epithelial sodium channel) | Na+ | Involved in lamellipodium expansion |
| Na+/K+-ATPase adhesion molecule on glia (AMOG) | Na+, K+ | Regulating cytoskeletal remodeling, cell polarity, and lamellipodia formation |
| Hv1 (voltage-gated proton channels) | H+ | Regulating intracellular pH |