Table 1.
Sociodemographic profile and disease risk in women from the SABC study with and without breast cancer
| Participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Total (N=798) | Breast cancer (N=399) | Controls (N=399) | p-value |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 54.6 (12.9) | 54.6 (12.8) | 54.7 (12.9) | 0.939 |
| Level of education, n (%) | ||||
| Completion of primary education and below | 167 (20.9) | 97 (24.3) | 70 (17.5) | 0.023*† |
| Completion of secondary education | 617 (77.3) | 298 (74.7) | 319 (80.0) | |
| Some tertiary education | 14 (1.8) | 4 (1.0) | 10 (2.5) | |
| Household SES (assets score, 0 – 8‡), mean (SD) | 5.4 (1.3) | 5.4 (1.3) | 5.5 (1.3) | 0.182 |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | ||||
| Underweight§ and normal (<24.9) | 150 (18.8) | 82 (20.5) | 68 (17.0) | 0.649 |
| Overweight (25.0 – 29.9) | 192 (24.1) | 93 (23.3) | 99 (24.8) | |
| Obese (30.0 – 39.9) | 215 (26.9) | 105 (26.3) | 110 (27.6) | |
| Morbidly obese (≥40) | 241 (30.2) | 119 (29.8) | 122 (30.6) | |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 94.6 (13.8) | 93.4 (13.8) | 95.9 (13.7) | 0.009* |
| Abdominal adiposity (waist circumference in cm), n (%) | ||||
| <80 | 117 (14.7) | 64 (16.0) | 53 (13.3) | 0.271 |
| ≥80 | 681 (85.3) | 335 (84.0) | 346 (86.7) | |
| Dyslipidaemia (TC and HDL in mmol/L), n (%) | ||||
| TC ≤6.21 | 731 (91.6) | 368 (92.2) | 363 (91.0) | 0.523 |
| TC >6.21 | 67 (8.4) | 31 (7.8) | 36 (9.0) | |
| HDL ≤1.3 | 597 (74.8) | 310 (77.7) | 287 (71.9) | 0.061 |
| HDL >1.3 | 201 (25.2) | 89 (22.3) | 112 (28.1) | |
| Hypertension (BP reading alone in mmHg, patients hypertensive on medications excluded), n (%) | ||||
| Normal BP (<120/<80) | 167 (36.5) | 84 (36.4) | 83 (36.7) | 0.323 |
| Category 1 (120 – 139/80 – 89) | 142 (31.1) | 79 (34.2) | 63 (27.9) | |
| Category 2 (140 – 159/90 – 99) | 99 (21.7) | 43 (18.6) | 56 (24.8) | |
| Category 3 (≥160/≥100) | 49 (10.7) | 25 (10.8) | 24 (10.6) | |
| Hypertension (using either BP reading or medication use), n (%) | ||||
| No | 309 (38.7) | 163 (40.8) | 146 (36.6) | 0.217 |
| Yes | 489 (61.3) | 236 (59.2) | 253 (63.4) | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L), n (%) | ||||
| ≤5.5 | 422 (52.9) | 212 (53.4) | 210 (52.6) | 0.828 |
| >5.5 | 376 (47.1) | 185 (46.6) | 189 (47.4) | |
| Missing | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Risk of depression (using either PHQ-9 score or self-reported depression), n (%) | ||||
| No | 711 (89.1) | 364 (91.2) | 347 (87.0) | 0.053 |
| Yes | 87 (10.9) | 35 (8.8) | 52 (13.0) | |
| HIV status, n (%) | ||||
| Negative | 642 (80.5) | 333 (83.5) | 309 (77.4) | 0.032* |
| Positive | 156 (19.5) | 66 (16.5) | 90 (22.6) | |
SABC = South Africa Breast Cancer; SD = standard deviation; SES = socioeconomic status; BMI = body mass index; TC = total cholesterol; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; BP = blood pressure; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9.
*
Significant at p<0.05.
†
Fisher’s exact test.
‡
Household SES (assets) score determined from: motor vehicle = 1, refrigerator = 1, microwave = 1, land telephone = 1, washing machine = 1, cell phone = 1, bed = 1, gas/electric stove = 1 (1 for yes, 0 for no).
§
19 women were underweight.