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. 2019 Sep 11;25(11):2979–2993. doi: 10.1038/s41380-019-0519-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Pianp deficiency impairs social interaction and social odor discrimination. a In the social interaction test (SIT), PianpKO mice (n = 14) showed equal exploration times at an empty cage (EC) and at a cage with an unknown mouse (t(14) = 0.83, p > 0.05), designated as social partner mouse 1 (SP1), while the controls (n = 12), showed a significantly higher exploration time at SP1 than at the EC (t(12) = 4.08, p < 0.01). Therefore control mice had a statistically significant preference for SP1 (t(12) = 5.63, p < 0.001) that was not present in PianpKO mice (t(14) = 1.07, p > 0.05). Subsequent exposure to the familiar SP1 and to another unknown mouse, designated as social partner mouse 2 (SP2), PianpKO mice (t(14) = 2.38, p < 0.05) and controls (t(12) = 2.71, p < 0.05) both showed a slight, but statistically significant, preference for unknown SP2. However, the exploration times at SP1 and SP2 did only differ statistically significant in the control group (control: t(12) = 2.28, p < 0.05; PianpKO: t(14) = 1.58, p > 0.05). b In the odor discrimination test, PianpKO mice (n = 13) did not show a significant difference in the time spent sniffing the nonsocial odors oil (O2: t(23) = 1.49, p > 0.05; O3: t(23) = 0.69, p > 0.05), apart from the first round (O1: t(23) = 2.75, p < 0.05,), orange (Or1: t(23) = 1.18, p > 0.05; Or2: t(23) = 0.37, p > 0.05; Or3: t(23) = 1.68, p > 0.05), and vanilla (V1: t(23) = 1.16, p > 0.05; V2: t(23) = 1.38, p > 0.05; V3: t(23) = 0.91, p > 0.05) in comparison to the controls (n = 12). However, PianpKO mice spent a significantly shorter time sniffing female urine (FU1: t(23) = 4.59, p < 0.001; FU3: t(23) = 2.15, p < 0.05) compared with the controls (n = 12). However, FU2 did not differ significantly (FU2: t(23) = 1.73, p > 0.05). No significant difference between the groups could be detected for water (W1: t(23) = 1.03, p > 0.05; W2: t(23) = 0.87, p > 0.05; W3: t(23) = 0.99, p > 0.05) and male urine (MU1: t(23) = 0.76, p > 0.05; MU2: t(23) = 0.81, p > 0.05; MU3: t(23) = 0.36, p > 0.05). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, a one sample or two-tailed unpaired t-test, b two-tailed unpaired t-test