Table 1:

Primary studies including pregnant adolescents/ adolescent mothers affected by HIV in sub-Saharan Africa

	Authors, (year)	Country	Method	Description of sample	Child data included?	Key topics
1	Birungi et al. (2011)	Kenya	Quantitative	506 adolescent mothers living with HIV	No	PMTCT/ART Healthcare
2	Carbone et al. (2019)	Malawi	Qualitative	Adolescent mothers living with HIV (n=72); disaggregated by those who had experience of programming (n=38) vs. those who had no experience of programming	No	PMTCT/ART Healthcare engagement Support services
3	Christofides et al. (2014)	South Africa	Quantitative	1099 HIV-negative women (15–26 years), disaggregated by early adolescent pregnancy (15 years or younger), later adolescent pregnancy (16–19 years) and women who did not report an adolescent pregnancy	No	HIV incidence Early pregnancy Partner age disparity
4	Closson et a. (2019)	South Africa	Quantitative	253 sexually-active women ages 16–24, not currently pregnant; reporting experiences of intimate partner violence and pregnancy between age 15–19	No	Adolescent pregnancy Intimate partner violence victimization Risk factors for HIV
5	Fatti et al. (2014)	South Africa	Quantitative	956 HIV-positive pregnant women; included adolescents (19 and younger); young women (20–24) and older women (25+)	No	HIV status awareness Healthcare/ANC PMTCT
6	Govender et al. (2018)	South Africa	Multi-method	326 adolescents, including pregnant/parenting adolescents	Birth outcomes Low birthweight APGAR scores Gestational age	Healthcare including antenatal care Birth outcomes support Barriers to accessing antenatal care
7	Hill et al. (2015)	South Africa	Qualitative	15 adolescent living with HIV and not living with HIV (14–17 years)	No	Relationships Support Family Partners
8	Horwood et al. (2013)	South Africa	Quantitative	19093 mothers (12–39 years) including 4485 adolescent mothers	No	ART/PMTCT Healthcare
9	Jama et al. (2018)	South Africa	Qualitative	30 pregnant participants recruited to the study; findings drawn from 10 adolescent mothers (15–19 years); monthly in-depth interviews were conducted with participating mothers for 6 months starting 2 weeks after delivery	No	Breastfeeding Support
10	Josephine (2019)	South Africa	Qualitative	10 adolescent mothers living with HIV	No	Psychological challenges of pregnancy Economic challenges of pregnancy
11	Kaphagawani & Kalipeni (2017)	Malawi	Quantitative	505 adolescent mothers	No	Planned pregnancy Predictors of pregnancy
12	Kossow et al. (2012)	Botswana	Qualitative	20 adolescent mothers living with HIV	No	Support Education ART/PMTCT
13	Kumar et al (2018)	Kenya	Qualitative	8 pregnant adolescents who screen positive for depression; 22 adolescent mothers (interviews and focus group discussions)	No	Adolescent pregnancy and depression
14	Le Roux et al. (2019)	South Africa	Quantitative	458 participants, adolescent (<18 years) vs. older mothers	Child support grant receipt Breastfeeding Immunization receipt Low birth weight Growth	Socioeconomic outcomes Caregiving Breastfeeding Education Child outcomes
15	Lila et al. (2017)	Tanzania	Mixed methods	50 adolescent mothers (qualitative) paired with Tanzania DHS 2016 data	No	PMTCT Healthcare Risk factors for pregnancy
16	Luseno et al. (2019)	Kenya	Qualitative	28 participant interviews, including 9 adolescents mothers living with HIV (aged 15–19 years), 4 family members and 15 HIV providers	No	Healthcare ART/PMTCT Disclosure
17	Machekano et al. (2018)	Lesotho	Quantitative	HIV-negative pregnant women, assessed routinely from recruitment (antenatally) through 24 months post-birth; sub-sample analysed between ages 14–24	No	HIV incidence Risk factors for HIV acquisition, including age
18	Mchunu et al. (2012)	South Africa	Quantitative	3123 adolescents drawn from a population-based household survey	No	Prevalence of pregnancy/fatherhood Planned pregnancy Predictors of adolescent pregnancy
19	Mombo-Ngoma (2016)	Benin, Gabon, Mozambique, Tanzania	Quantitative	4749 participants including adolescents (975; <19 years)	Birth outcomes Birthweight Preterm delivery	Birth outcomes
20	Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha et al. (2018)	Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda	Quantitative	Patients (10+) initiating ART at clinics, grouped by young adolescents (10–14); older adolescents (15–19) and general (20+); pregnancy initiation was measured as a correlate of lost-to-follow-up	No	ART/PMTCT Healthcare
21	Obare et al. (2012)	Kenya	Quantitative	797 female adolescents living with HIV (aged 15–19 years), of whom 394 had ever experienced pregnancy	Birth outcomes	Repeat pregnancy Birth outcomes Contraception use
22	Odimegwu et al. (2018)	South Africa	Quantitative	Lifestyle data from the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention (2009) focusing on youth aged 12–22 years	No	Father (young men) engagement in pregnancy
23	Omoro et al. (2018)	Kenya	Quantitative	Demographic surveillance data; 1952 girls 13–19 years, of whom 454 had experienced pregnancy	No	Incidence of pregnancy
24	Ramraj et al (2017)	South Africa	Quantitative	4,814 adolescent (<20 years) and 25,453 (adult) mothers from three national representative, cross-sectional, facility-based surveys, conducted in 2020, 2011–2012, and 2012–2013	4–8 weeks infants	Early MTCT rates
25	Ronen et al. (2016)	Kenya	Quantitative	2521 mother-infant pairs attending maternal child health services including HIV-positive mothers and 278 adolescents (12.8%)	No	Healthcare /ANC ART/PMTCT
26	Stoner et al. (2019)	South Africa	Quantitative	2533 young women (13–20 years) not married or pregnant at baseline enrolled and attending high school grades 8–11	No	School dropout Incidence of pregnancy
27	Toska et a. (2018)	South Africa	Quantitative	563 HIV-positive adolescent girls, interviewed 18 months apart to identify incident pregnancy	Knowledge of child’s HIV status	Incidence of pregnancy Risk factors for pregnancy