Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Oct 21;10:17929. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72041-3

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Neonicotinoid ingestion alters circadian locomotor rhythms of honey bee foragers in LD and DD. Representative actograms of forager bees showing (A) control rhythmic activity, (B) loss of rhythms following ingestion of clothianidin (140 ppb) and altered locomotor rhythm patterns after ingestion of (C) thiamethoxam (140 ppb) and (D) clothianidin (140 ppb). Contingency plots reporting the percent of arrhythmic individuals for bees exposed to (E) thiamethoxam (Pearson X² = 13.14; p = 0.0043, **) or (F) clothianidin (Pearson X² = 10.59; p = 0.0142, *). 30 min binned activity profiles of control bees vs. bees exposed to either 140 ppb of (G) thiamethoxam (Two-way RM ANOVA, Time p < 0.0001, ****; Dose p = 0.7150; Interaction p < 0.0001, ****) or (H) clothianidin (Two-way RM ANOVA, Time p < 0.0001, ****; Dose p = 0.1014; Interaction p < 0.0001, ****). Average time of activity offset following lights off for (I) thiamethoxam-exposed bees (One-way ANOVA F = 11.23; p < 0.0001, ****; Dunnett’s multiple comparison 70 ppb p = 0.0054, **; 140 ppb p < 0.0001, ****) and (J) clothianidin-exposed bees (One-way ANOVA F = 9.664; p < 0.0001, ****; Dunnett’s multiple comparison 70 ppb p = 0.0012, **; 140 ppb p < 0.0001, ****). (K) Offset of activity during the first day of constant darkness relative to time of lights off in previous LD for clothianidin-exposed bees (One-way ANOVA F = 5.805; p < 0.0009, ***; Dunnett’s multiple comparison 70 ppb p = 0.0077, **; 140 ppb p = 0.0063, **). (L) Free-running period of bees under constant darkness after 4 days of LD and ingestion of different doses of thiamethoxam (One-way ANOVA F = 7.323; p < 0.0002, ***; Dunnett’s multiple comparison 70 ppb p = 0.0374, *; 140 ppb p = 0.0028, **). Dunnett’s multiple comparisons were performed, only significant values are shown for panels (I–L).