Table 2.

Country-wise concentrations (ng/mL and μg/g creatinine in bold italic) of urinary neonicotinoid insecticides and dialkylphosphate metabolites among the nine countries studied.

		IMI	N-DMA	6-CN	DMP	DMTP	DMDTP	DETP	∑7
Country		^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
USA (n = 44)	DF	79.5	97.7	93.2	100	100	93.2	95.5
	Median	0.047	0.195	0.461	1.77	1.00	0.181	0.326	4.91
	*Median*	*0.052*	*0.181*	*0.442*	*1.22*	*1.11*	*0.140*	*0.258*	*4.99*
Greece (n = 118)	DF	95.8	99.2	94.9	99.2	100	93.2	99.2
	Median	0.152	0.121	0.386	2.70	2.12	0.092	0.262	6.77
	*Median*	*0.144*	*0.098*	*0.340*	*2.23*	*1.53*	*0.077*	*0.265*	*5.70*
China (n = 84)	DF	89.3	100	97.6	100	100	94.0	100
	Median	0.156	0.520	1.11	9.73	1.60	0.082	1.54	18.2
	*Median*	*0.131*	*0.498*	*1.19*	*9.80*	*1.39*	*0.090*	*1.86*	*19.6*
India (n = 41)	DF	85.4	100	90.2	100	97.6	82.9	87.8
	Median	0.097	0.428	0.253	1.42	0.670	0.044	0.443	4.74
	*Median*	*0.232*	*0.912*	*0.577*	*3.08*	*1.11*	*0.083*	*0.870*	*9.08*
Saudi Arabia (n = 61)	DF	85.2	95.1	98.4	91.8	100	96.7	96.7
	Median	0.138	0.659	0.363	2.75	1.74	0.153	0.591	8.78
	*Median*	*0.113*	*0.458*	*0.324*	*1.67*	*1.81*	*0.137*	*0.504*	*7.01*
Japan (n = 35)	DF	88.6	100	60.0	100	100	82.9	100
	Median	0.080	0.279	0.090	1.87	0.740	0.052	0.112	3.59
	*Median*	*0.059*	*0.210*	*0.085*	*1.45*	*0.477*	*0.053*	*0.086*	*2.91*
Korea (n = 100)	DF	99.0	99.0	96.0	100	100	96.0	98.0
	Median	0.152	0.178	0.253	8.27	2.44	0.243	0.454	14.3
	*Median*	*0.108*	*0.152*	*0.195*	*6.46*	*1.57*	*0.189*	*0.391*	*10.1*
Vietnam (n = 17)	DF	100	100	100	100	100	76.5	94.1
	Median	0.202	1.22	0.803	2.46	0.270	0.035	0.326	6.19
	*Median*	*0.110*	*0.667*	*0.538*	*1.67*	*0.195*	*0.024*	*0.266*	*4.41*
Kuwait (n = 66)	DF	74.2	89.4	81.8	97.0	100	90.9	100
	Median	0.080	0.258	0.276	2.92	1.65	0.118	0.879	7.94
	*Median*	*0.064*	*0.209*	*0.181*	*3.04*	*1.34*	*0.089*	*0.645*	*6.60*
Gender
Female (n = 255)	DF	89.8	98.0	94.1	98.4	100	92.2	98.4
	Median	0.133	0.234	0.355	3.58	1.77	0.107	0.470	9.00
	*Median*	*0.125*	*0.250*	*0.324*	*3.22*	*1.59*	*0.129*	*0.504*	*8.63*
Male (n = 254)	DF	90.6	96.9	89.4	98.4	100	93.3	98.4
	Median	0.118	0.263	0.331	3.21	1.49	0.120	0.397	8.68
	*Median*	*0.092*	*0.192*	*0.238*	*2.55*	*1.05*	*0.078*	*0.324*	*6.25*
Age
≤20 (n = 66)	DF	77.3	93.9	87.9	97.0	100	95.5	98.5
	Median	0.081	0.211	0.402	2.85	1.47	0.111	0.693	7.38
	*Median*	*0.076*	*0.187*	*0.322*	*3.11*	*1.97*	*0.122*	*0.621*	*7.26*
21–49 (n = 244)	DF	91.0	98.4	89.8	98.8	100	91.4	98.0
	Median	0.133	0.274	0.379	3.43	1.54	0.112	0.392	8.11
	*Median*	*0.107*	*0.216*	*0.291*	*2.60*	*1.11*	*0.082*	*0.373*	*6.00*
≥50 (n = 198)	DF	93.4	97.5	95.5	98.5	100	93.4	99.0
	Median	0.135	0.240	0.316	3.84	1.89	0.118	0.438	10.0
	*Median*	*0.111*	*0.242*	*0.268*	*3.39*	*1.39*	*0.125*	*0.390*	*8.41*

DF, detection frequency (%).

^**

p < 0.01.