Table 2.
Latent growth curve modelling results for patients with mild traumatic brain injury
| Outcome measure | LGC model | Group intercept | Group slope | Variance of intercept | Variance of slope | Covariance of intercept and slope dual | Residual | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| df | F | p | df | F | p | Z | p | Z | p | Z | p | Z | p | ||
| AUDIT | Linear | 1, 58.78 | 101.37 | < 0.001 | 1, 24.78 | 1.60 | 0.217 | 5.00 | < 0.001 | 0.80 | 0.427 | − 1.44 | 0.151 | 7.14 | < 0.001 |
| DBI-II | Linear | 1, 57.62 | 67.29 | < 0.001 | 1, 36.46 | 0.92 | 0.346 | 3.81 | < 0.001 | 0.39 | 0.698 | − 0.55 | 0.585 | 7.62 | < 0.001 |
| BSI-18 | Linear | 1, 50.69 | 56.35 | < 0.001 | 1, 24.05 | 3.23 | 0.085 | 3.19 | 0.001 | 0.29 | 0.771 | − 1.15 | 0.250 | 7.18 | < 0.001 |
| RPQ | Cubic | 1, 75.71 | 85.69 | < 0.001 | 1, 123.26 | 4.93 | 0.028 | 4.60 | < 0.001 | 1.35 | 0.176 | − 1.99 | 0.047 | 7.62 | < 0.001 |
| GOSE outcome | Lin | 1, 56.54 | 3576.66 | < 0.001 | 1, 37.23 | 0.90 | 0.350 | 2.12 | 0.024 | 0.66 | 0.507 | − 0.41 | 0.681 | 6.19 | < 0.001 |
| QOLIBRI | Quadratic | 1, 68.84 | 1143.78 | < 0.001 | 1, 130.27 | 4.58 | 0.034 | 4.48 | < 0.001 | 1.55 | 0.121 | − 1.98 | 0.048 | 7.30 | < 0.001 |
| Physical functioning | Linear | 1, 59.54 | 997.20 | < 0.001 | 1, 36.05 | 2.68 | 0.002 | 4.28 | < 0.001 | 1.61 | 0.109 | − 2.33 | 0.020 | 7.24 | < 0.001 |
| Social functioning | Cubic | 1, 108.80 | 469.02 | < 0.001 | 1, 123.71 | 10.65 | 0.001 | 3.24 | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 0.283 | − 1.89 | 0.058 | 7.53 | < 0.001 |
| Role physical | Cubic | 1, 86.14 | 74.94 | < 0.001 | 1, 111.94 | 6.98 | 0.009 | 4.01 | < 0.001 | 1.25 | 0.212 | − 1.90 | 0.058 | 7.18 | < 0.001 |
| Role emotional | Linear | 1, 50.57 | 531.99 | < 0.001 | 1, 31.18 | 3.99 | 0.055 | 3.19 | 0.001 | 0.46 | 0.645 | − 1.45 | 0.146 | 7.20 | < 0.001 |
| Emotional well-being | Linear | 1, 24.92 | 1518.38 | < 0.001 | 1, 3.43 | 10.62 | 0.039 | 2.17 | 0.030 | – | – | − 0.23 | 0.821 | 3.44 | 0.001 |
| Energy and vitality | Linear | 1, 45.38 | 631.71 | < 0.001 | 1, 101.25 | 10.48 | 0.002 | 2.97 | 0.003 | – | – | − 0.15 | 0.883 | 7.58 | < 0.001 |
| Bodily pain | Cubic | 1, 92.97 | 243.69 | < 0.001 | 1, 108.79 | 16.84 | < 0.001 | 3.98 | < 0.001 | 1.37 | 0.169 | − 1.43 | 0.152 | 7.03 | < 0.001 |
| General health | Linear | 1, 56.94 | 803.64 | < 0.001 | 1, 31.18 | 0.06 | 0.805 | 4.52 | < 0.001 | 0.20 | 0.840 | 1.09 | 0.277 | 7.36 | < 0.001 |
| Phonemic VF | Quadratic | 1, 65.24 | 896.60 | < 0.001 | 1, 129.42 | 10.92 | 0.001 | 4.33 | < 0.001 | 0.32 | 0.751 | 0.42 | 0.672 | 7.10 | < 0.001 |
| Semantic VF | Linear | 1, 53.17 | 1386.64 | < 0.001 | 1, 143.03 | 4.90 | 0.028 | 3.25 | 0.001 | – | – | 0.89 | 0.375 | 8.06 | < 0.001 |
| PAL errors | Linear | 1, 68.17 | 9356.77 | < 0.001 | 1, 156.98 | 0.28 | 0.601 | 3.64 | < 0.001 | – | – | – | – | 8.48 | < 0.001 |
| PAL stages completed | Linear | 1, 37.76 | 5239.13 | < 0.001 | 1, 147.42 | 0.02 | 0.900 | 2.60 | 0.009 | – | – | 0.43 | 0.670 | 8.15 | < 0.001 |
| SRM latency | Linear | 1, 57.33 | 4351.57 | < 0.001 | 1, 147.95 | 1.52 | 0.219 | 3.20 | 0.001 | – | – | – | – | 8.15 | < 0.001 |
| SRM percent correct | Quadratic | 1, 86.80 | 14,508.99 | < 0.001 | 1, 164.66 | 6.64 | 0.011 | 3.46 | 0.001 | – | – | − 0.19 | 0.854 | 8.85 | < 0.001 |
| PRM latency | Cubic | 1, 93.54 | 4385.64 | < 0.001 | 1, 111.46 | 6.46 | 0.012 | 3.81 | < 0.001 | 1.71 | 0.088 | − 2.90 | 0.004 | 7.19 | < 0.001 |
| PRM percent correct | Linear | 1, 54.43 | 19,204.29 | < 0.001 | 1, 143.52 | 2.00 | 0.160 | 3.88 | < 0.001 | – | – | − 0.96 | 0.338 | 8.43 | < 0.001 |
| SSP span length | Linear | 1, 59.13 | 4174.25 | < 0.001 | 1, 36.12 | 0.27 | 0.607 | 4.54 | < 0.001 | 1.45 | 0.147 | 0.26 | 0.797 | 7.33 | < 0.001 |
| SWM between errors | Linear | 1, 60.58 | 1663.93 | < 0.001 | 1, 0.38 | 34.52 | 0.540 | 4.77 | < 0.001 | 1.65 | 0.098 | − 0.49 | 0.627 | 7.37 | < 0.001 |
| SWM within errors | Linear | 1, 57.38 | 4865.50 | < 0.001 | 1, 25.85 | 0.13 | 0.722 | 4.08 | < 0.001 | 1.95 | 0.051 | − 2.87 | 0.004 | 7.33 | < 0.001 |
| SWM strategy | Linear | 1, 59.44 | 787.49 | < 0.001 | 1, 36.21 | 7.88 | 0.008 | 4.77 | < 0.001 | 1.19 | 0.234 | − 0.43 | 0.664 | 7.44 | < 0.001 |
| RVP A prime | Quadratic | 1, 67.20 | 67,125.62 | < 0.001 | 1, 139.08 | 6.55 | 0.012 | 4.61 | < 0.001 | – | – | 0.92 | 0.360 | 8.14 | < 0.001 |
| RVP latency | Linear | 1, 47.46 | 2410.03 | < 0.001 | 1, 93.46 | 4.99 | 0.028 | 3.36 | 0.001 | – | – | – | – | 6.65 | < 0.001 |
| IED pre-ED errors | Quadratic | 1, 68.22 | 999.26 | < 0.001 | 1, 73.72 | 12.23 | 0.001 | 4.09 | < 0.001 | – | – | – | – | 6.28 | < 0.001 |
| IED ED errors | Linear | 1, 0.01 | 2890.56 | 0.944 | 1, 0.03 | 2.90 | 0.917 | 0.04 | 0.970 | – | – | – | – | 0.24 | < 0.001 |
| IED reversal errors | Linear | 1, 286.05 | 6861.42 | < 0.001 | 1, 147.47 | 0.13 | 0.719 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.13 | < 0.001 |
LGC = latent growth curve; PCS = post-concussion syndrome; GOSE = Glasgow Outcome Score Extended; QoL = quality of life; VF = verbal fluency; PAL = paired associates learning; SRM = spatial recognition memory; PRM = pattern recognition memory; SSP = spatial span; SWM = spatial working memory; RVP = rapid visual information processing; IED = inter-extra dimensional set shifting; ED = extra dimensional