Table 1.

Study and participant characteristics

Study	Participant characteristics	Location	Setting	Methodology	Questionnaire used on help-seeking	Quality assessment score
Abe-Kim et al. (2007) [10] Supplementary paper: Nguyen and Lee (2010)	508 Filipino Americans in multi-ethnic study, with 53.74% (n = 273) females and 46.26% (n = 235) males and mean age of 41.904 (SD 16.11)	US	Community-based	Quantitative Cross-sectional study design (derived from National Latino and Asian American Study, 2002–2003)	Study-specific questionnaire on help-seeking sources, need for services, treatment satisfaction	Strong*
Bernardo and Estrellado (2017) [8]	70 Filipino women, with mean age of 39.13 (SD 9.175)	Philippines	Center-based women shelters	Quantitative Cross-sectional study design	Help-seeking intention scale Locus of hope scale	Moderate*
Cabbigat and Kangas (2017)	117 Filipinos with 80.34% (n = 94) females and 19.66% (n = 23) males and mean age of 42.66 (SD 8.268)	Philippines	Local government, social welfare agencies and non-government organizations	Quantitative Cohort analytic study design	Study-specific questionnaire on help-seeking behavior Help-seeking preferences Attitudes Towards Services for Children and Adolescents (parent-report section of the child and adolescent services assessment)	Moderate*
David (2010) [34]	118 Filipino Americans with 47.46% (n = 56) females and 52.54% (n = 62) males and mean age of 30.20 (SD = 10.65)	US	Community-based	Quantitative Cross-sectional study design	Inventory of attitudes toward seeking mental health services Cultural mistrust inventory Loss of Face Questionnaire Asian value scale	Moderate*
Gong et al. (2003) [13] Supplementary papers: Abe-Kim et al., (2004) [73], Nicdao et al. (2015) [5]	2285 Filipino Americans, with 50.60% (n = 1156) females and 49.40% (n = 1128) males and mean age of 41.662 (SD 13.398)	US	Community-based	Quantitative Cross-sectional study design (derived from Filipino American Epidemiological Study, 1995–1999)	Study-specific questionnaire on help-seeking based on Kleinman (1978) typology of help-seeking sources: lay system, professional care system and folk system Research-designed questionnaire on loss of face	Moderate*
Green and Ayalon (2016) [6]	85 Filipino migrant home care workers with 86% (n = 73) females and 14% (n = 12) males and mean age of 37.04 (SD 6.70)	Israel	Community-based	Quantitative Cross-sectional study design	Study-specific questionnaire on social support, formal and informal report of abuse	Strong*
Hechanova et al. (2013) [31] Supplementary paper: Hechanova et al. (2011)	365 overseas Filipino workers with 52.88% (n = 193) females and 47.12% (n = 172) males and mean age of 33.14 (SD 7.72)	Philippines with overseas Filipino participants mostly in Middle East	Employment agencies and university-based counseling centers	Mixed methods using surveys, interviews and chat conversations	Semi-structured open-ended questionnaire Intention to seek counseling inventory (adapted version)	Weak*/ Fair**
Hermannsdottir and Aegisdottir (2016)	209 Filipino immigrants with 67% (n = 140) females and 33% (n = 69) males and mean age of 38.72 (SD 11.33)	Iceland	Community-based	Quantitative Cross-sectional study design	Psychological help-seeking attitudes and intentions Beliefs about psychological services scale Study-specific questionnaire on system barriers	Moderate*
Ho et al. (2018) [7]	175 Filipino participants for survey and focus group discussion with 45.71% (n = 80) females and 54.29% (n = 95) males and mean age of 30.49 (SD 9.70)	Multi-country study in Fiji, Cambodia and the Philippines	Community-based	Mixed methods using surveys and focus group discussions	Attitudes and understanding towards mental disorder Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help—Short Form and semi-structured guide for interview and focus group discussion Semi-structured interview guide for focus group discussion	Moderate */Good**
Nguyen (2011) [30] Supplementary paper: Nguyen (2012)	269 Filipino Americans in multi-ethnic study, with 57.25% (n = 154) females and 42.75% (n = 115) males and mean age of 61.8 (SD 9.9)	US	Community-based	Quantitative Cross-sectional study design (derived from California Health Interview Survey, 2001)	Study-specific questionnaire	Strong*
Shoultz et al. (2010) [32]	10 Filipino American women with age range from 34 to 52 years old	US	Women’s support agency	Mixed methods using surveys, individual interviews and focus group discussions	Semi-structured interview guide on help-seeking behavior Perceptions of the Acceptability of violence	Weak* / Good**
Straiton et al. (2018) [14] Supplementary paper: Straiton et al. (2017) [67]	14 Filipino women with mean age of 33.7	Norway	Community-based	Qualitative using in-depth interviews	Semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions	Good**
Thompson et al. (2002a) [33] Supplement papers: Kelaher et al. (2000), Thompson et al. (2002b) [72]	487 Filipino women participated with mean age of 41.034 (SD 11.19)	Australia	Community-based	Mixed methods using multiple follow-up surveys, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (derived from Filipina cohort of Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, 1996)	Semi-structured interview guide General Health Questionnaire	Strong*/Good**
Tuliao et al. (2016) [12] Supplementary paper: Tuliao and Velasquez (2017)	359 Filipino university students with 52.09% (n = 187) females and 47.91% (n = 172) males and mean age of 17.69 (SD 0.97)	Philippines	University-based	Quantitative Cross-sectional study design	Perceived likelihood of seeking help (adapted version) Online counselling attitude scale Self-stigma of seeking help scale Self-concealment scale Interpersonal support evaluation list Inventory of attitudes toward seeking mental health services Loss of face scale Intent to seek counseling inventory General Help Seeking Questionnaire	Moderate*
Vahabi and Wong (2017) [16]	25 Filipino women, age range from 25 to 60 years old	Canada	Community-based	Qualitative Focus group discussion	Semi-structured focus group discussion guide	Good**

*Quality assessment based on the criteria of EPHPP Quality Assessment Tool for quantitative studies

**Quality assessment based on the criteria of CASP Qualitative Checklist for qualitative studies