Table 4.

Key themes on facilitators in help-seeking

Key facilitator themes	Studies on local Filipinos (n = 4)	Studies on overseas Filipinos (n = 11)	Total (n = 15)
(A) Systemic and economic facilitators
1. Financial capacity (e.g., higher socio-economic status, employment status, medical insurance, higher income)	1	4	5 (33%)
2. Immigration/Residency status (e.g., nativity status, being US-born Filipino American, later-generation immigrants)	N/A	3	3 (20%)
3. Accessibility of mental health services (e.g., technological access, presence of technical infrastructure, perception of ease of use, familiarity with health care services)	0	2	2 (13%)
(B) Socio-cultural facilitators
1. Language proficiency (e.g., bilingualism, proficiency of the language of host culture)	0	4	4 (27%)
2. Lower adherence to Asian cultural values (e.g., higher levels of acculturation/assimilation)	0	3	3 (20%)
3. Higher level of spirituality	0	2	2 (13%)
(C) Psycho-social facilitators
1. Perception of distress (e.g., awareness of mental health need; higher severity of mental health problems)	2	5	7 (47%)
2. Influence of social support (presence/absence of family and friends, witnessing friends seeking help, having supportive friends and family who encourage help-seeking, others taking the initiative to help)	2	4	6 (40%)
3. Self-stigma tolerance (e.g., concern for loss of face, lower/higher tolerance of stigma)	1	3	4 (27%)
4. Previous experience in help-seeking (e.g., positive experience with mental health professionals, establishing rapport with mental health providers)	2	2	4 (27%)
5. Higher awareness of mental health issues	2	0	2 (13%)
6. Sense of anonymity	1	1	2 (13%)