Table 5.
Association of maternal TSH with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
| Outcomes | Normal TSH group | Mildly elevated TSH group | Significantly elevated TSH group | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 971) | (n = 433) | (n = 152) | ||
| PIH, n (%) | 15 (1.5%) | 12 (2.8%) | 10 (6.6%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.82 (0.84–3.91) | 4.49 (1.98–10.18)*+ | 0.002 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 2.99 (1.24–7.23) | 8.18 (3.23–20.73)*+ | <0.001 |
| Preeclampsia, n (%) | 5 (0.5%) | 4 (0.9%) | 8 (5.3%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.80 (0.48–6.74) | 10.73 (3.46–33.26)*+ | <0.001 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 3.37 (0.76–15.04) | 18.56 (4.77–72.21)*+ | <0.001 |
| GDM, n (%) | 194 (20%) | 83 (19.2%) | 33 (21.7%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.71–1.27) | 1.11 (0.73–1.68) | 0.794 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 1.22 (0.79–1.89) | 0.668 |
| CS, n (%) | 353 (36.4%) | 152 (35.1%) | 64 (42.1%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) | 1.27 (0.90–1.80) | 0.298 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.11 (0.85–1.44) | 1.74 (1.19–2.54)*+ | 0.017 |
| Preterm delivery, n (%) | 468 (48.2%) | 195 (45%) | 82 (53.9%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 1.26 (0.89–1.77) | 0.159 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 1.66 (1.15–2.40)*+ | 0.023 |
| Postpartum hemorrhage, n (%) | 12 (1.2%) | 10 (2.3%) | 3 (2.0%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.89 (0.81–4.41) | 1.61 (0.45–5.77) | 0.323 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.66 (0.69–4.00) | 1.25 (0.34–4.62) | 0.530 |
| Placenta previa, n (%) | 13 (1.3%) | 6 (1.4%) | 5 (3.3%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.39–2.74) | 2.51 (0.88–7.13) | 0.205 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.64 (0.55–4.33) | 4.79 (1.53–14.93)+ | 0.026 |
| Placenta abruption, n (%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 2.25 (0.14–35.98) | — | 0.849 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 2.64 (0.12–57.86) | — | 0.827 |
| Dystocia, n (%) | 14 (1.4%) | 5 (1.2%) | 3 (2.0%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.80 (0.29–2.23) | 1.38 (0.39–4.85) | 0.760 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.78 (0.27–2.24) | 1.34 (0.37–4.90) | 0.762 |
| Low birth weight, n (%) | 26 (2.7%) | 16 (3.7%) | 9 (5.9%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.40 (0.74–2.63) | 2.29 (1.05–4.98)+ | 0.105 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.65 (0.81–3.36) | 2.64 (1.14–6.14)+ | 0.065 |
| Preterm birth, n (%) | 468 (48.2%) | 195 (45%) | 82 (53.9%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 1.26 (0.89–1.77) | 0.159 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 1.66 (1.15–2.40)*+ | 0.023 |
| Macrosomia, n (%) | 47 (4.8%) | 21 (4.8%) | 6 (3.9%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.00 (0.59–1.70) | 0.81 (0.34–1.92) | 0.886 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.22 (0.49–3.00) | 1.19 (0.46–3.06) | 0.912 |
| Fetal distress, n (%) | 17 (1.8%) | 9 (2.1%) | 6 (3.9%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.19 (0.53–2.69) | 2.30 (0.89–5.94) | 0.224 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.40 (0.58–3.35) | 2.58 (0.95–7.03) | 0.178 |
| Fetal asphyxia, n (%) | 3 (0.3%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.50 (0.25–8.99) | — | 0.907 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.16 (0.11–12.40) | — | 0.993 |
| Fetal deformities, n (%) | 12 (1.2%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.37 (0.08–1.66) | — | 0.432 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.82 (0.11–6.40) | — | 0.982 |
| Stillbirth, n (%) | 9 (0.9%) | 1 (0.2%) | 2 (1.3%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.25 (0.03–1.96) | 1.43 (0.31–6.66) | 0.341 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.31 (0.03–3.05) | 1.37 (0.15–12.60) | 0.548 |
| Total adverse maternal outcomes, n (%) | 481 (49.5%) | 205 (47.3%) | 85 (55.9%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.92 (0.73–1.15) | 1.29 (0.92–1.82) | 0.192 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 1.63 (1.13–2.36)*+ | 0.032 |
| Total adverse neonatal outcomes, n (%) | 617 (63.5%) | 260 (60%) | 105 (69.1%) | |
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 1.26 (0.89–1.78) | 0.083 |
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | 1.72 (1.19–2.50)*+ | 0.014 |
Adjusted OR: adjusted for maternal age, pregestational BMI, number of pregnancies, number of previous births, primiparity, gestational age, and gestational weight gain.
*
P < 0.05 (2.5 ≤ TSH <4.0 mIU/L vs. 4 ≤ TSH <10 mIU/L).
+
P < 0.05 (0.29 ≤ TSH <2.5 mIU/L vs. 4 ≤ TSH <10 mIU/L).