Table 3.
Summarization of the antiobesity and antidiabetic studies of different Terminalia species.
| Terminalia sp. | Mechanism/Mode of action | Phytochemicals (compound no.) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| T. bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. | Enhancement of PPARα and PPARγ, increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl- β-D-glucose showed the most potent increased in cellular glucose uptake | (53) Chebulagic acid; (55) 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose; (57) 1,2,3,4,5-penta-O-galloyl- β-D-glucose; (59) daucosterol, (3) gallic acid | (Yang et al., 2013) |
| T. chebula Retz. | (59) Arjunetin; (60) arjungenin; (61) arjunglucosides; (62) (63) chebuloside II; (64) shikimic acid | ||
| T. bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and T. chebula Retz. | (5) Corilagin; (54) 2,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-glucose | ||
| T. chebula Retz. | mRNA expression of C/EBP-α, a target gene for PPARy, increased with chebulagic acid treatment | (53) Chebulagic acid | (Shyni et al., 2014) |
| T. paniculata Roth | Reduced expression of lipogenic genes (FAS, SREBP-1c, PAPRy, and leptin), up-regulation of adiponectin and AMPK-1α | (4) Ellagic acid; (65) 2’,5’,5,7-tetramethoxy-8-methylflavanone; (66) 3,3’-di-O-methyl ellagic acid; (2) arjunolic acid; (67) galloylarjunolic acid; (68) termilignan; (69) betulinic acid | (Mopuri et al., 2015) |
| T. chebula Retz. | Increased levels of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic rats | Not identified | (Reddy et al., 2015) |
| T. macroptera Guill. & Perr. | The inhibitory capacity of α-glucosidase | (64) Shikimic acid, (70) methyl gallate, (71) coriliagin, (53) chebulagic acid, (72) chebulagic acid trimethyl ester, (118) rutin, (74) narcissin | (Pham et al., 2014) |
| T. alata Roth | The inhibitory capacity of α-glucosidase (IC50 ≥ 4 mg/mL) | Not identified | (Nguyen et al., 2016) |
| T.belirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. | Inhibitory capacity of α-glucosidase (IC50 ≥ 0.41 mg/mL) | Not identified | |
| T. corticosa Pierre ex Laness | The inhibitory capacity of α-glucosidase (IC50 ≥ 1.42 mg/mL) | Not identified | |
| T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. | Preventive effect on obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia in obese type-2 diabetic mice | (3) Gallic acid | (Makihara et al., 2012) |
| T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. | Reduction in plasma glucose levels, potentiation of insulin secretion from β-cells | (58) Octyl gallate | (Latha and Daisy, 2013) |