Table 1.

Optimal value of different algorithms.

Name	PSO	FOA	GFOA	IFOA
Ackley	0.440788	0.049512	0.017546	7.11∗10−15
Griewank	0.001394	9.29∗10−5	2.43∗10−5	3.33∗10−16
Zettl	0.013575	0.002592	0.001333	3.07∗10−11
Testtubeholder	−10.843774	−10.700662	−10.766711	−10.872299
Helicalvalley	6.926416	0.739871	0.679324	0.389474
Wood	1.777238	0.852053	1.414687	1.61∗10−4