Figure. Adjusted 90-Day Mortality by Preoperative Opioid Use.

Procedures included varicose vein removal, hemorrhoidectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, transurethral prostate surgery, thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, carpal tunnel release, umbilical hernia repair, and inguinal hernia repair. Mortality was adjusted for age, sex, race, Medicaid eligibility, type of surgery, Charlson Comorbidity Index, history of tobacco use, mental health disorders, pain disorders, hospitalization in prior year, stay in skilled nursing facility in prior year, concurrent fill of benzodiazepine, and frailty index.