Table 3.
Hierarchical multiple regression analysis for predicting PD (OLS).
| Variable | Psychological Distress | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
| B (SE) |
Β | B (SE) |
β | B (SE) |
β | B (SE) |
β | B (SE) |
β | |
| Age (ref = 20–25) | ||||||||||
| 26–30 | −0.10 (0.47) |
−0.01 | −0.11 (0.47) |
−0.02 | −0.21 (0.46) |
−0.03 | 0.32 (0.39) |
0.04 | 0.45 (0.35) |
0.06 |
| 31–35 | −0.03 (0.63) |
0.00 | 0.10 (0.62) |
0.01 | 0.15 (0.62) |
0.02 | 0.44 (0.51) |
0.05 | 0.43 (0.46) |
0.05 |
| Gender (male = 1) | −1.04 * (0.47) |
−0.11 | −0.95 * (0.46) |
−0.10 | −0.95 * (0.45) |
−0.10 | −1.45 *** (0.38) |
−0.15 | −1.16 ** (0.34) |
−0.12 |
| Marital status (married = 1) | −1.57 ** (0.71) |
−0.18 | −1.47 ** (0.70) |
−0.16 | −1.49 ** (0.69) |
−0.17 | −0.75 (0.57) |
−0.08 | −0.01 (0.52) |
0.00 |
| Have kids (yes = 1) | 0.13 (0.74) |
0.01 | 0.14 (0.73) |
0.01 | 0.11 (0.72) |
0.01 | 0.07 (0.60) |
0.01 | −0.28 (0.53) |
−0.03 |
| Education (post - secondary education = 1) | −0.05 (0.45) |
−0.01 | −0.04 (0.45) |
−0.01 | −0.09 (0.44) |
−0.01 | 0.05 (0.37) |
0.01 | 0.10 (0.33) |
0.01 |
| Parents’ education (both academic = 1) | −0.82 * (0.38) |
−0.11 | −0.79 * (0.37) |
−0.11 | −0.69 (0.37) |
−0.09 | −0.29 (0.31) |
−0.04 | −0.27 (0.28) |
−0.04 |
| Health problems/ limitations (yes = 1) | 1.22 * (0.50) |
0.12 | 1.23 * (0.49) |
0.12 | 1.19 * (0.48) |
0.12 | 0.24 (0.41) |
0.02 | 0.18 (0.36) |
0.02 |
| Perceived income adequacy in routine times (difficulties in covering monthly expenses = 1) | 1.56 ** (0.60) |
0.14 | 1.52 * (0.59) |
0.13 | 0.83 (0.62) |
0.07 | 0.55 (0.51) |
0.05 | 1.02 * (0.46) |
0.09 |
| Unemployment (=1) | 1.31 ** (0.39) |
0.16 | 0.70 (0.42) |
0.09 | 0.87 * (0.35) |
0.11 | 0.77 * (0.31) |
0.10 | ||
| Perceived income adequacy during COVID-19 (difficulties in covering monthly expenses = 1) | 1.50 ** (0.43) |
0.20 | 0.90 * (0.36) |
0.12 | 0.44 (0.33) |
0.06 | ||||
| Perceived trust | −0.69 * (0.33) |
−0.09 | −0.78 ** (0.29) |
−0.10 | ||||||
| Trust in institutions (3–12) | −0.10 (0.08) |
-0.05 | 0.09 (0.07) |
−0.05 | ||||||
| Mastery (7–35) | −0.17 *** (0.04) |
−0.21 | −0.12 ** (0.03) |
−0.14 | ||||||
| Optimism (6–30) | −0.32 *** (0.04) |
−0.39 | −0.22 *** (0.04) |
−0.27 | ||||||
| Loneliness (ref = never-infrequently) | ||||||||||
| Sometimes | 1.40 *** (0.35) |
0.18 | ||||||||
| Often | 3.41 *** (0.46) |
0.37 | ||||||||
| Feeling more loneliness during COVID-19 (yes = 1) | 0.78 * (0.32) |
0.10 | ||||||||
| Constant | 16.17 *** (0.42) |
15.68 *** (0.44) |
15.40 *** (0.44) |
27.38 *** (1.14) |
22.33 *** (1.16) |
|||||
| R2 | 0.098 | 0.124 | 0.152 | 0.425 | 0.548 | |||||
| R 2 Change | 0.098 *** | 0.026 ** | 0.028 ** | 0.274 ** | 0.123 *** | |||||
Note. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.; SE = standard error; OLS = ordinary least squares, ref = reference group.