Table 3.

Dietary characteristics of the study findings by principal carbohydrate sources (sugary foods, fruit, vegetables, and cereals), body weight changes (gain, loss, none) and overall findings.

Authors, Year [Ref.]	Body Weight Changes			Carbohydrate Sources				Overall Findings
	Gain	Loss	None	Sugary Food	Fruit	Vegetables	Cereals
Ghosh et al., 2020 [13]	19%	33%	48%	7% reported 25–50% more sugar intake	20% reported 25–50% more fruits intake	9% increased servings/day (3 or more)	21% increased cereals intake (rice, grains)	Increased carbohydrate, snacking and fruit intake, and home cooked meals
Ruiz-Roso et al., 2020 [21]	-			47.4% increased sweet foods intake (>4/week) versus 40.6% pre-COVID-19. Ditto for sugar beverages (23.8% against 22.7%)	58.6% increase (>4/week) versus 53.9% pre-COVID-19	70.8% increase (>4/week) versus 66.2% pre-COVID-19	-	Increased pulses, fruit, and vegetables intake, and home cooked meals. Higher sweet food intake. The overall diet quality did not improve.
Rodríguez-Pérez et al., 2020 [18]	12%	-	47%	Up to 21% decreased daily sweet beverages intake	Up to 18% increased daily intake	Up to 19% increased daily intake	-	Higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and pulses and lower intake of red meat, alcohol, and fried foods.
Pietrobelli et al., 2020 [19]	-			Increase of sugary drinks (0.40 ± 0.90 to 0.90 ± 1.16 servings/day)	Increased (1.16 ± 0.74 to 1.39 ± 0.70 servings/day)	Increased (1.34 ± 0.74 to 1.27 ± 0.69 servings/day)	-	No changes in reported vegetables intake. Fruit intake increased. Potato chip, red meat, and sugary drink intakes increased significantly.
Sidor et al., 2020 [11]	29.9%	18.6%	-	One-third consumed at least once or more/day	One-third did not consume fresh vegetables and fruits on a daily basis	One-third did not consume fresh vegetables and fruits on a daily basis	The majority (64.2%) consumed grains once or more/day	One-third of people surveyed did not consume fresh vegetables and fruits on a daily basis, while the same proportion admitted to consuming sweets at least once every day. Obese people surveyed tended to eat vegetables, fruits, and pulses less frequently, and salty foods, meat, and dairy more often.
Di Renzo et al., 2020 [14]	48.6%	13.9%	37.4%	43% increased homemade sweets	37.4% increase	37.4% increase	Up to 40% increased (homemade pizza, fresh bread, cereals)	Increased homemade foods (e.g., sweets, pizza and bread), cereals, and pulses, and decreased fresh fish, packaged sweets and baked products, delivery foods and alcohol intake
Romeo-Arroyo et al., 2020 [15]	-			Over 50% increased sweets intake	35% increase	30% increase	Increase of cereals (20%), pasta/rice (39%), and bread (36%) consumption	Increased baking, fruits, and vegetables intake
Scarmozzino et al., 2020 [22]	19.5%	-	50.7%	42.5% increased chocolate, cakes, and ice creams	21.2% increase	21.2% increase	-	Increased consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables. Decreased alcohol consumption
Górnicka et al., 2020 [12]	-			39.9% increased homemade pastries intake, 8.4% decreased sugar-sweetened beverages, and 5% decreased energy drink intake	20.1% decreased servings/day consumption	Almost 19% decreased servings/day consumption	16.3% increased whole grain products intake	Highly increased consumption of homemade pastries. Increased consumption of eggs, pulses, and cereals, as well as alcohol. Decreased fish, fruit, and vegetable intake.
Reyes-Olavarría et al., 2020 [20]	32%	17%	51%	-	30.9% increased daily intake	30.9% Increased daily intake	-	Increased fruit and vegetables consumption, and home cooked meals. Higher junk and fried foods intake. The overall diet quality did not improve.
Pellegrini et al., 2020 [16]	Self-reported weight and BMI significantly increased by 1.51 kg			72% reported equal or greater sweets consumption than pre-COVID-19	81% reported equal or greater consumption than pre-COVID-19	81% reported equal or greater consumption of cereals than pre-COVID-19	Increased frequency of overall food intake. More sweets and snacks consumption.
Wang et al., 2020 [17]	-				30% reported consuming more vegetables and fruit, especially women	Increased consumption (250–400 g/day), especially men	Higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and cereals. Increased snacking frequency.