Table 3.
Factors affecting the evaluation outcomes of the establishment of protected areas to be significant and positive.
| Variables | All Samples | Social Outcomes | Ecological Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (Std. Error) |
Coefficient (Std. Error) |
Coefficient (Std. Error) |
|
| Data type | 2.762 *** (0.590) | 2.309 ** (1.033) | 0.350 (0.947) |
| Economic development | 1.317 *** (0.240) | 1.150 *** (0.317) | 1.367 * (0.725) |
| Africa (Asia as a benchmark) | −0.198 (0.794) | 0.222 (1.096) | −1.340 (1.657) |
| North America | −1.546 *** (0.411) | 0.019 (1.234) | −0.737 (0.653) |
| South America | 1.400 *** (0.454) | 1.628 ** (0.816) | 1.405 * (0.766) |
| Research end year | −0.0759 ** (0.036) | −0.118 * (0.069) | −0.006 (0.055) |
| Samples | 0.000 (0.000) | −4.33 × 10−5 *** (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) |
| Nature reserve | −0.371 (0.499) | 0.485 (0.867) | 0.268 (0.960) |
| National park | −0.712 * (0.395) | 0.445 (0.617) | −1.811 ** (0.853) |
| Land parcel (household as a benchmark) | −1.960 *** (0.570) | −1.381 * (0.789) | |
| PA | 0.417 (0.886) | 0.624 (1.315) | −0.438 (1.637) |
| Matching | −1.034 * (0.582) | −0.359 (0.825) | −2.934 ** (1.382) |
| OLS | 0.345 (0.595) | 0.652 (0.782) | −0.234 (1.293) |
| Panel data | 0.009 (0.692) | −0.109 (1.402) | |
| Tourism as a conservation mechanism | 1.694 *** (0.286) | 2.033 *** (0.415) | −0.896 (0.781) |
| Payment for ecosystem as a conservation mechanism | 0.212 (0.563) | −0.652 (0.736) | |
| Indicator selection (1 = social, 0 = ecological) | −1.666 *** (0.400) | ||
| Constant | 149.4 ** (72.9) | 231.2 * (138.1) | 10.6 (110.8) |
***, **, and * denote significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.