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. 2020 Sep 27;17(19):7070. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17197070

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies (n = 35).

Author and Year Study Context Number of Participants Participant Information Sampling Methods Study Design
Wenya, Yu et al., 2016 11 tertiary hospitals in Shanghai 1050 outpatients from different clinical departments with varying diseases Male: 439
Female: 532
Age was normally distributed, with the most prevalent age group 30–39 (24.41%).
Random selection cross-sectional survey
Liyang, Tang. 2011 A household survey in 17 provinces 3424 residents Urban residents: 3209 (93.76%)
Rural residents: 34 (6.24%)
NR * cross-sectional survey
Jing Sun et al., 2017
Laiyang, Wu et al., 2016 †
136 tertiary hospitals from 31 provinces 27,475 outpatients, of which 3923 are senior outpatients older than 60 Male: 8792 Female: 18,683 Random selection and convenient sampling cross-sectional survey
Jay Pan et al., 2015 Survey with residents who had visited hospitals in the past 2 weeks 6393 residents 2621 male,
3772 female
Mean age: 57.3 y
A multistage cluster sampling cross-sectional survey
Jinghua, Li et al., 2016 Household survey in health care facilities in Jiling Province 68 residents had at least one outpatient visit in the past 2 weeks in tertiary hospitals. 29 male
39 female
Age range:
45–64 y;
A multi-stage stratified sampling cross-sectional survey
Jinzhu, Xie et al., 2017 Three tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province 300 outpatients NR NR cross-sectional survey
Chunlei, Han et al., 2012 One Tertiary hospital in Shandong Province 338 outpatients Male 148
Female 190
A stratified random sampling cross-sectional survey
Qing Lu et al., 2016 3 public hospitals in Beijing 318 outpatients Male: 137
Female: 181
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Jing Zhao et al., 2016 A tertiary hospital 197 outpatients Male: 108
Female: 89
Mean age: 43.3 ± 7.3
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Wenlong, Hu et al., 2007 2 tertiary hospital in Xuzhou 386 outpatients Male: 253
Female: 132
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Yanxia, Yang et al., 2015 A tertiary hospital 1998 outpatients 1998 outpatients
Male: 993
Female: 995
Aged range: 20–70
NR cross-sectional survey
Rong Xu and Xinzhen, Jing. 2004 A tertiary hospital in Guangdong Province 304 outpatients 304 outpatients
Male: 120
Female: 175
NR cross-sectional survey
Junjie, Sun and Shuangqing, Li. 2018 A tertiary hospital in Sichuan Province 185 outpatients Male: 68
Female: 117
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Zhanwei, Zhou et al., 2011 A tertiary hospital 363 outpatients Male: 211
Female: 152
Mean age: 45.3 ± 11.8
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Caoxin, Bao et al., 2015 5 tertiary hospitals 2170 outpatient 2170 outpatients
Male: 870
Female: 1300
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Zhixiang, Teng et al., 2009 Residents survey 134 residents who visited the hospitals in the last year, of whom, 40 visited the tertiary hospital NR Convenient sampling cross-sectional survey
Jing Luan et al., 2013 Residents survey 510 residents Male: 178
Female: 332
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Jianjie, Zhang.
2018
Residents survey 484 residents NR Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Chunhui, Ren. 2014 Residents
Survey
329 participants NR NR cross-sectional survey
Weiming, Shao et al., 2017 A tertiary hospital 600 outpatients NR Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Ying Zou et al., 2014 A Tertiary hospital in Xiniiang Province 1300 outpatients NR Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Mengzhu, Deng et al., 2013 A Tertiary hospital in Guangdong Province 200 outpatients Male: 110
Female: 90
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Huilan, Luo et al., 2010 A tertiary hospital in Guangdong Province 1591 outpatients NR Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Zulipiye.et al., 2016 A tertiary hospital in Xinjiang Province 1300 outpatients Female: 736
Male: 564
Age range: 18–69 y
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Jinping, Shu and Dian Zhou. 2016 A tertiary hospital in Anhui Province 396 outpatients Male: 171
Female: 225
Stratified cluster sampling cross-sectional survey
Kai ling et al., 2009 A tertiary hospital 500 outpatients Male: 307
Female: 193
Aged range: 60–85
NR cross-sectional survey
Yu Li et al., 2011 Five tertiary Hospitals in Tianjian City 995 outpatients Male: 438
Female: 557
Aged range: 20–70
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Qinghua, Zhang and Zhanhe, Liu. 2011 A tertiary hospital in Hebei Province 817 outpatients NR Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Fanzhi, Meng et al., 2016 Residents survey covering 2 cities, 3 counties and 5 villages in Tibet province 777 residents Male: 369
Female: 408
Age range: 18–40
Stratified clustered random sampling cross-sectional survey
Jun Song et al., 2007 A tertiary hospital in Jiangsu Province 93 outpatients Male: 49
Female: 44
Mean age:
37.6 ± 4.3 y
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Shi Guo et al., 2014 A tertiary hospital in Anhui Province 239 outpatients Male: 118
Female: 121
Stratified random sampling cross-sectional survey
Xunming, Ji et al., 2010 A tertiary hospital in Beijing 504 outpatients Media age: 47 Convenient sampling cross-sectional survey
Li Ren and Haixuan, Xu.
2016
A tertiary hospital in Shandong Province 488 outpatients Male: 216
Female: 272
Random sampling cross-sectional survey
Guanghao, Jing and Shunfu, Piao. 2011 A tertiary hospital 597 outpatients NR NR cross-sectional survey
Lizhen, Deng and Suili, Rao. 2006 A tertiary hospital 1226 outpatients NR Random sampling cross-sectional survey

* NR means not reported. † This study was reported by two papers. Titles of each paper were listed in Supplementary Material 4.