Table 3.
Predictors of the changes from neutral foot to pronated foot.
| Children Characteristics | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FPI Pronated N = 32 |
FPI Neutral N = 577 |
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Backpack | 30 (93.8%) | 414 (71.8%) | 5.90 (1.39–24.99) | 0.016 | 6.44 (1.49–27.82) | 0.013 |
| Age (months) | - | - | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.709 | - | - |
| Age categorized | ||||||
| Age <7 years | 7 (21.9%) | 146 (25.3%) | 0.82 (0.35–1.95) | 0.663 | - | - |
| Age 7–9 years | 16 (50.0%) | 294 (51.0%) | 0.96 (0.47–1.96) | 0.916 | - | - |
| Age >9 years | 9 (28.1%) | 137 (23.7%) | 1.25 (0.56–2.78) | 0.572 | - | - |
| Gender male (%) | 16 (50.0%) | 299 (51.8%) | 0.93 (0.45–1.89) | 0.841 | - | - |
| BMI (kg/m2) | - | - | 1.01 (0.93–1.11) | 0.701 | - | - |
| Overweight-obesity (%) | 1 (3.1%) | 39 (6.8%) | 0.44 (0.05–3.34) | 0.714 | - | - |
| Sedentary (%) | 13 (40.6%) | 107 (18.5%) | 3.00 (1.44–6.27) | 0.003 | 2.86 (1.35–6.06) | 0.006 |
| Metatarsal formula (%) | ||||||
| Index Plus | 7 (21.9%) | 151 (26.2%) | 0.79 (0.33–1.86) | 0.590 | - | - |
| Index Plus Minus | 21 (65.6%) | 317 (54.9%) | 1.56 (0.74–3.30) | 0.236 | - | - |
| Index Minus | 4 (12.5%) | 109 (18.9%) | 0.61 (0.21–1.78) | 0.486 | - | - |
| Foot shape (%) | ||||||
| Greek foot | 8 (25.0%) | 135 (23.4%) | 1.01 (0.47–2.48) | 0.835 | - | - |
| Square foot | 20 (62.55) | 344 (59.6%) | 1.12 (0.54–2.35) | 0.746 | - | - |
| Egyptian foot | 4 (12.5%) | 98 (17.0%) | 0.69 (0.24–2.03) | 0.632 | - | - |
| Shoe type | ||||||
| Sport | 17 (53.1%) | 379 (65.7%) | 0.59 (0.29–1.21) | 0.147 | - | - |
| Moccasin | 3 (9.4%) | 60 (10.4%) | 0.89 (0.26–3.01) | 0.999 | - | - |
| Boot | 0 (0.0%) | 16 (2.8%) | - | 0.340 | - | - |
| Ballet flats | 8 (25.0%) | 101 (17.5%) | 1.57 (0.68–3.59) | 0.282 | - | - |
| Mary Janes | 4 (12.5%) | 21 (3.6%) | 3.78 (1.21–11.76) | 0.022 | 4.19 (1.27–13.78) | 0.018 |
Data expressed as frequencies (percentages) and OR (95% CI). Abbreviations: aOR: adjusted Odds Ratio; BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; FPI: Foot posture index; OR: Odds Ratio.