Table 1.
Test protocols in shallow water.
| Author, Year | Mode of Exercise | Pretest Screening | Familiarization | Equipment | Water Temperature [°C] | Water Depth [m] | Water Immersion Level | Warm Up | Starting Intensity | Time on Starting Intensity | Increasing Intensity | Time on Each Next Stage | Test Termination Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alberton et al., 2013 [41] | stationary running (SR) frontal kick (FK) cross country skiing (CCS) |
NR | yes | metronome | 31–32 | 0.95–1.30 | xiphoid process | NR | 80 cpm | 2 min | 10 cpm | 1 min | exhaustion |
| Alberton et al., 2013 [42] | stationary running (SR) frontal kick (FK) jumping jack (JJ) |
NR | yes | metronome | 31–32 | 0.95–1.30 | between the xiphoid process (while standing) and the shoulders (while exercising) | NR | 85 bpm | 3 min | 15 bpm | 2 min | exhaustion or unable to keep up with the cadence |
| Alberton et al., 2014 [43]; Alberton et al., 2016 [44] | stationary running (SR) frontal kick (FK) cross country skiing (CCS) | NR | yes | metronome | 32 | 0.95–1.30 | xiphoid process | NR | 80 bpm | 2 min | 10 bpm | 1 min | exhaustion or unable to keep up with the cadence |
| Antunes et al., 2015 [45] | stationary running (SR) frontal kick (FK) cross country skiing (CCS) adductor hop (ADH) abductor hop (ABH) jumping jacks (JJ) | NR | yes | metronome | 31–32 | 0.95–1.30 | between the xiphoid process (while standing) and the shoulders (while exercising) |
NR | 80 bpm | 2 min | 10 bpm | 1 min | exhaustion or unable to keep up with the cadence |
| Bartolomeu et al., 2017 [46] | Rocking horse | NR | NR | metronome | 31 | NR | xiphoid process | 6 min at starting intensity | 90 bpm | 6 min | 15 bpm | 6 min | unable to keep up with the cadence for more than 30 s |
| Campbell et al., 2003 [37] | Walking/running with different arms movement | medication cardiac, PARQ; older group: modified Bruce treadmill stress test | NR | webbed gloves for maximal shallow water run | 27.5–28.0 | NR | xiphoid process to axilla | 5–10 min | self-selected; carry on conversation | 8 min | 5 different submax activities; 10−15 min rest; one maximal 300 m shallow jogging | 8 min | NR |
| D’Acquisto et al., 2015 [29] | Bout 1: Jog Bout 2: Tuck Jumps With Plunge Bout 3: Cross-Country Ski Bout 4: Deep Split Jump Lunge Bout 5: Alternating Long Leg kicks |
health history, physical activity questionnaire | yes | NR | 28.6 (0.3) | NR | axilla | instructor guided 6 min | RPE 9 | 5 min | RPE 11, 13, 15, 17 | 5 min | NR |
| Dowzer et al., 1999 [47] | SWR | NR | yes | water shoes, metronome | 29 | 1.2 | waist | NR | 132 strides/min | 1 min | 12 strides/min 8 strides/min |
1 min | volitional exhaustion |
| Fisher et al., 2019 [30] | RPE 9: Jog with swinging arms RPE 11: Tuck Jumps with Plunge RPE 13: Cross-Country Ski RPE 15: Deep Jump Lunge RPE 17: Alternating Long Leg Kicks |
health history, physical activity questionnaire | yes | webbed gloves | 28.3–28.9 | NR | axilla | 6 min | RPE 9 | 5 min | RPE 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20 | 5 min, 1 min rest between | NR |
| Conti et al., 2008 [48] | SWR | NR | yes | metronome | 29–30 | 1.2 | lower than xiphoid process | 3 min self-selected stride frequency | 12 strides additional from warm-up | 1 min | 12 strides/min | 1 min | NR |
| Conti et al., 2015 [49] | SWR | NR | yes | metronome | 29.5 (2.0) | NR | umbilicus | NR | NR | 5 min | NR | 5 min | NR |
| Kruel et al., 2013 [50] | SWR | NR | NR | NR | 31–32 | NR | xiphoid process | NR | 85 bpm | 2 min | 15 bpm | 2 min | exhaustion |
| Nagle et al., 2017 [31] | SWR | medical inventory and PARQ | yes | water exercise shoes | 27.5 | 1.2 | below xiphoid process to the midaxillary region | NR | 4 in OMNI scale 1–10 RPE | 4 × 22 m | stage 1: 4 lengths, 10 s rest stage 2: 3 lengths, 5 s rest stage 3: 2 lengths, 3−5 s rest stage 4: 4−6 continuous |
stage 1: 4–6 OMNI stage 2: 6–8 OMNI stage 3: 8–9 OMNI stage 4: > 9 on the OMNI | volitional fatigue |
| Town et al., 1991 [51] | SWR | NR | yes | NR | NR | 1.3 | NR | 6 min | NR | NR | subjectively | 1 min (final stage—2 min) |
NR |
ABH-abductor hop, ADH-adductor hop, bpm-beats per minute, CCS-cross country skiing, cpm-cycles per minute, FK-frontal kick, JJ-jumping jack, NR-not reported, PARQ-Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, RPE-rating of perceived exertion, SR-stationary running, SWR-shallow water running.