Table 4.
Population characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness values.
| Author, Year | Mode of Exercise | Population | AQUA | LAND | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Age of Participants Mean (SD) | Mean VO2peak/VO2max (SD) (mL·kg–1·min–1) | Mean HRmax (SD) (bpm) | Mean RER (SD) | Mean Time to Exhaustion (SD) (min) | Mean RPE (SD) | Mean VO2peak/VO2max (SD) (mL·kg−1·min−1) | ||
| Alberton et al., 2013 [41] | SWE | F = 20 (active) | 24 (2.5) | SR: 30.31 (5.21) FK: 30.95 (3.61) CCS: 29.88 (4.44) |
SR: 186 (7) FK: 184 (7) CCS: 182 (12) |
SR: 1.38 (0.11) FK: 1.32 (0.09) CCS: 1.27 (0.12) |
SR: 9.93 (1.59) FK: 8.52 (1.23) CCS: 8.58 (1.21) |
SR: 18.85 (0.49) FK: 18.80 (0.52) CCS: 18.75 (0.55) |
NA |
| Alberton et al., 2013 [42] | SWE/LTM | F = 9 | 22.89 (1.81) | SR: 34.00 (3.90) FK: 33.77 (2.74) JJ: 23.95 (3.09) |
NR | NR | NR | SR: 19.22 (0.42) FK: 18.67 (0.48) JJ: 18.89 (0.32) |
39.32 (3.70) |
| Alberton et al., 2014 [43] | SWE/LTM | F = 20 (active) | 24 (2.5) | SR: 30.31 (5.21) FK: 30.95 (3.61) CCS: 29.88 (4.44) |
SR: 185.94 (6.99) FK: 184.31 (7.16) CCS: 182.25 (12.21) |
SR: 1.38 (0.11) FK: 1.32 (0.09) CCS: 1.27 (0.12) |
SR: 9.93 (1.59) FK: 8.52 (1.23) CCS: 8.58 (1.21) |
SR: 18.85 (0.49) FK: 18.80 (0.52) CCS: 18.75 (0.55) |
36.03 (4.10) |
| Antunes et al., 2015 [45] | SWE | F = 12 (active, students) | 24 (2) | SR: 28.9 (4.7) FK: 30.2 (2.5) CCS: 29.1 (3.3) ADH: 24.5 (6.3) ABH: 25.2 (3.6) JJ: 20.6 (4.1) |
SR: 186.3 (5.0) FK: 184.6 (5.1) CCS: 183.8 (8.8) ADH: 180.7 (9.3) ABH: 178.5 (9.8) JJ: 167.8 (16.2) |
NR | NR | NR | NA |
| Bartolomeu et al., 2017 [46] | SWE | F young = 19 F older = 18 |
young: 22.16 (2.63) older: 65.06 (5.77) |
young: 44.49 (1.88) older: 32.98 (1.72) |
young: 192.49 (1.89) older: 162.46 (4.14) |
NR | NR | young: 16.42 (1.61) older: 15.67 (1.53) |
NA |
| Broman et al., 2006 [33] | DWR/LTM | F = 11 (older women) | 70 (2) | 1.30 (0.14) L/min | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1.82 (0.2) L/min |
| Brown et al., 1997 [26,27] | DWR/LTM | F = 12 M = 12 (healthy, recreational exercisers) |
F: 21 (1.9) M: 20 (0.8) |
F: 30.1 (4.5) M: 39.1 (8.3) |
F: 173.9 (7.3) M: 183.8 (7.7) |
NR | NR | NR | F: 40.1 (3.1) M: 45.2 (4.4) |
| Brown et al., 1998 [52] | DWR | F = 15 M = 18 (students) |
F: 21.3 (2.2) M: 22.8 (2.7) |
F: 34.1 (5.0) M: 37.1 (7.1) |
F: 181 (8) M: 176 (9) |
NR | NR | NR | NA |
| Butts et al., 1991 [53] | DWR/LTM | F = 12 (runners) | 15.4 (1.1) | 48.8 (9.1) | 180.3 (8.0) | 1.01 (0.08) | NR | 19.3 (0.6) | 54.7 (7.0) |
| Butts et al., 1991 [54] | DWR/LTM | F = 12 M = 12 (active) |
F: 21.9 (2.4) M: 20.6 (1.9) |
F: 46.8 (5.9) M: 58.4 (3.9) |
F: 179 (7.5) M: 183.4 (5.9) |
F: 1.09 (0.04) M: 1.11 (0.03) |
NR | NR | F: 55.7 (4.8) M: 64.5 (2.8) |
| Campbell et al., 2003 [37] | SWE | F young = 11 F older = 11 |
young: 21.3 (0.4) older: 66.7 (0.9) |
young: 37.90 (2.21) older: 21.80 (0.91) |
young: 181.7 (2.7) older: 156.2 (4.5) |
young: 1.11 (0.06) older:1.19 (0.04) |
NR | young: 17.0 (0.4) older: 17.2 (0.6) |
NA |
| Choi et al., 2015 [61] | UTM/LTM | F = 4 M = 17 (patients with coronary artery disease) |
59.9 (9.1) | 29.8 (4.8) | 131.9 (13.7) | 0.97 (0.07) | 12.4 (3.7) | 17.0 (0.9) | 31.1 (5.3) |
| Colado et al., 2019 [62] | Water cycling | M = 30 (active students) | 22.37 (2.31) | 46.89 (5.64) | 173 (28) | NR | NR | 19.0 (0.71) | NA |
| Conti et al., 2008 [48] | SWR/LTM | M = 12 untrained (UT) and trained (T) (pentathlon Olympic athletes) | UT: 22 (1.0) T: 19 (1.0) |
UT: 45.2 (6.8) T: 57.2 (3.9) |
UT: 182 (8.9) T: 177 (7.1) |
UT: 1.1 (0.09) T: 1.0 (0.04) |
NR | NR | UT: 47.9 (3.6) T: 68.9 (5.1) |
| Costa et al., 2017 [63] | Water cycling | M = 15 (healthy) | 24.1 (4.0) | FSA1: 44.2 (7.3) FSA2: 45.0 (7.8) FSA3: 44.2 (6.6) |
FSA1: 182 (10) FSA2: 183 (8) FSA3: 183 (10) |
NR | NR | FSA1: 9.8 (0.4) FSA2: 9.9 (0.3) FSA3: 9.9 (0.3) |
NA |
| D’Acquisto et al., 2015 [29] | SWE | F = 9 (healthy, active) | 26 (6) | 41.3 (4.6) | 181 (7) | 1.05 (0.05) | NR | 19.7 (0.5) | NA |
| Dowzer et al., 1999 [47] | SWR, DWR/LTM | M = 15 (competitive runners) | 40.93 (9.48) | SWR: 45.94 (6.1) DWR: 41.27 (6.4) |
SWR: 165 (16) DWR: 153 (16) |
SWR: 1.07 (0.1) DWR: 1.08 (0.1) |
NR | NR | 55.39 (8.46) |
| Fisher et al., 2019 [30] | SWE | F = 9 M = 9 (active) |
F: 26 (6) M: 24 (1) |
F: 41.3 (4.6) M: 42.8 (4.7) |
F: 181 (7) M: 185 (7) |
F: 1.05 (0.05) M: 1.08 (0.06) |
NR | F: 19.7 (0.5) M: 19.4 (0.5) |
NA |
| Frangolias et al., 1996 [39] | DWR/LTM | F = 8 M = 14 UT (untrained in DWR) = 6 T (trained in DWR) = 16 |
UT: 26.3 (4.7) T: 26.7 (4.7) |
UT:53.5 (6.2) T: 53.8 (5.4) |
UT: 173.8 (10.1) T: 172.6 (14.0) |
UT:1.14 (0.04) T: 1.12 (0.04) |
NR | NR | UT: 63.8 (3.0) T: 58.8 (6.2) |
| Gayda et al., 2010 [24] | DWR/LTM | F = 13 M = 11 (healthy, active, older) |
60 (6) | S: 27.83 (8.03) I: 26.22 (7.04) L: 26.33 (8.1) (ml/LBM/min) |
S: 139 (14) I: 141 (11) L: 135 (16) |
S: 0.93 (0.09) I: 0.99 (0.16) L: 1.00 (0.14) |
S: 7.3 I: 10.31 L: 13.86 |
NR | 49.39 (14.4) (ml/LBM/min) |
| Greene et al., 2011 [32] | UTM/LTM | F = 28 M = 27 (healthy) |
F: 41 (12) M: 41 (14) |
F: 28.64 (9.0) M: 33.32 (7.35) |
F: 167 (17) M: 167 (16) |
F: 1.02 (0.09) M: 1.05 (0.08) |
NR | F: 17 (2) M: 17 (2) |
F: 27.55 (7.90) M: 33.02 (8.63) |
| Kanitz et al., 2015 [55] | DWR/LTM | F = 12 (active) | 23.2 (1.9) | 22.5 (4.1) | 174 (9) | NR | NR | NR | 33.7 (3.9) |
| Kruel et al., 2013 [50] | SWR/LTM, SRL | F = 9 (active) | 23 (1.9) | 34.00 (3.9) | 187.25 (6.75) | NR | NR | NR | LTM: 38.98 (3.39) SRL: 34.88 (3.64) |
| Melton-Rogers et al., 1996 [56] | DWR/bicycle ergometry | F = 8 (rheumatoid arthritis) | 35.88 (2.85) | 20.32 (7.33) | 178.75 (30.10) | 1.28 (0.27) | NR | 18.13 (1.73) | 23.35 (9.17) |
| Mercer et al., 1998 [57] | DWR/LTM | F = 13 M = 15 |
F: 21 (1.3) M: 24.3 (4.7) |
44 (10) | 177 (9) | NR | NR | NR | 54 (13) |
| Meredith-Jones et al., 2009 [36] | DWR | F = 18 (sedentary, overweight) | 59 (8.6) | *pre: 1.37 (0.10) L.min-1 *post: 1.51 (0.08) L.min−1 |
NR | NR | NR | NR | NA |
| Michaud et al., 1995 [40] | DWR/LTM | M = 6 (runners) | 25.5 (5.1) | 3.8 (0.11) L/m | 168.8 (5.2) | 1.0 (0.08) | NR | 9 (1) | 4.3 (0.10) L/m |
| Michaud et al., 1995 [34] | DWR/LTM | F = 8 M = 2 (healthy, sedentary) |
32.6 (6.8) | *pre: 1.79 (0.59) L.min−1 *post: 2.15 (0.59) L.min−1 |
*pre: 172 (16.7) *post: 175 (13.9) |
*pre: 1.21 (0.12) *post: 1.24 (0.09) |
NR | *pre: 9.5 (0.85) *post: 9.9 (0.31) |
*pre: 2.25 (0.57) L.min−1 *post: 2.49 (0.68) L.min−1 |
| Nagle et al., 2017 [31] | SWR/LTM | F = 23 (healthy) | 20 (3) | 37.1 (6.8) | 181 (11) | 1.09 (0.12) | NR | 9.6 (0.8) | 44.2 (8.4) |
| Ogonowska-Slodownik et al., 2019 [58] | DWE/arm cycle ergometry | F = 4 M = 13 (spinal cord injury) |
45.7 (11.6) | test 1: 18.63 (5.26) test 2: 18.17 (5.49) |
NR | NR | NR | 17.41 (2.88) | test 1: 1.54 (5.00) test 2: 17.68 (5.55) |
| Phillips et al., 2008 [35] | DWR/LTM | F = 20 (healthy, overweight) | 48.0 (7.1) | 22.5 (4.9) | 159 (16) | 1.03 (0.06) | 4.78 (1.32) | 17 (2) | 27.7 (4.7) |
| Pinto et al., 2016 [64] | Water cycling | M = 27 (fit university students) | 22.46 (2.35) | 55.04 (8.64) | 186 (10) | NR | 14.87 (1.75) | NR | NA |
| Schaal et al., 2012 [38] | UTM/LTM | M = 14 (triathletes) | 35.1 (9.8) | without: 51.77 (8.7) with: 53.2 (6.8) |
without: 172.8 (9.7) with: 172.5 (12.8) |
without: 1.12 (0.09) with: 1.13 (0.10 |
NR | without: 18.5 (1.1) with: 19.3 (0.77) |
53.01 (6.9) |
| Silvers et al., 2007 [65] | UTM/LTM | F = 11 M = 12 (recreationally competitive runners) |
F: 22.1 (2.3) M: 24.8 (3.8) |
52.8 (7.7) | 188.8 (10.4) | 1.15 (0.04) | 8.8 (1.5) | 18.4 (1.4) | 52.5 (8.4) |
| Silvers et al., 2008 [66] | UTM | F = 11 M = 13 (recreationally competitive runners) |
25 (3) | trial 1: 3.65 (0.80) L/min trial 2: 3.67 (0.80) L/min |
trial 1: 187 (13) trial 2: 187 (14) |
trial 1: 1.12 (0.05) trial 2: 1.12 (0.10) |
trial 1: 10.0 (1.3) trial 2: 10.2 (1.3) |
trial 1: 19 (1) trial 2: 19 (1) |
NA |
| Svedenhag et al., 1992 [59] | DWR/LTM | M = 10 (runners) | 26.4 | 4.03 (0.13) l/min | 172 (3) | NR | NR | NR | 4.60 (0.14) |
| Yazigi et al., 2013 [67] | Water cycling/bicycle ergometry | M = 10 (active students) | 22 (1) | 27 °C: 52.5 (10.1) 31 °C: 62.2 (12.4) |
27 °C: 188 (13) 31 °C: 185 (9) |
NR | NR | NR | 62.2 (10.1) |
ABH-abductor hop, ADH-adductor hop, CCS-cross country skiing, DWE-deep water exercise, DWR-deep water running, F-female, FK-frontal kick, FSA-frontal surface area, HRmax-Heart Rate maximum, JJ-jumping jack, LTM-land treadmill running, M-male, NA-not analyzed, NR-not reported, RPE-rating of perceived exertion, SD-standard deviation, SR-stationary running, SRL-stationary running on land, SWE-shallow water exercise, SWR-shallow water running, T-trained, UT-untrained, UTM-underwater treadmill running, VO2peak/VO2max-peak/maximal oxygen consumption.