Table 5.
Weighted percentages of African American vs. U.S.-born and foreign-born Caribbean Black women with a history of a DSM-IV mood, anxiety, or substance use psychiatric disorder that sought mental health services.
| Lifetime Service Use | Twelve-Month Service Use | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S.-Born African American |
Caribbean Black | U.S.-Born African American |
Caribbean Black | |||||||||||
| DSM-IV Disorder | U.S.-Born | Foreign-Born | U.S.-Born | Foreign-Born | ||||||||||
| N | Weighted % (S.E.) | N | Weighted % (S.E.) | |||||||||||
| Mood Disorders | ||||||||||||||
| Major Depressive Disorder | 426 | 72.4 | (2.3) | 87.0 | (5.3) a | 42.2 | (11.3) a,b | 235 | 38.9 | (3.7) | 49.1 | (16.3) | 13.3 | (6.5) a |
| Dysthymia | 108 | 82.6 | (4.3) | 56.1 | (14.4) | 85.3 | (5.2) | 71 | 39.5 | (7.0) | 26.1 | (17.6) | 11.5 | (11.9) b |
| Bipolar Disorder I, II c | 47 | 90.3 | (3.9) | 100 | (0.0) a | 88.7 | (6.1) b | 32 | 43.9 | (9.7) | 100 | (0.0) a | 67.1 | (0.0) a |
| Any Mood Disorder | 441 | 72.6 | (2.3) | 87.0 | (5.6) a | 41.4 | (11.0) a,b | 246 | 38.6 | (3.6) | 49.1 | (17.3) | 13.1 | (6.4) a |
| Anxiety Disorders | ||||||||||||||
| Agoraphobia c | 77 | 60.2 | (5.8) | 90.4 | (10.1) | 10.6 | (7.8) a,b | 46 | 6.7 | (4.1) | -- | 12.3 | (10.9) a | |
| Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | 331 | 73.9 | (3.2) | 87.1 | (6.5) | 58.6 | (10.0) | 134 | 26.0 | (5.4) | 33.7 | (19.5) | 12.4 | (6.7) |
| Social Phobia | 228 | 64.0 | (3.5) | 88.9 | (8.1) a | 43.8 | (15.6) b | 158 | 22.6 | (3.4) | 56.5 | (19.9) | 5.2 | (3.2) a,b |
| General Anxiety Disorder | 148 | 73.8 | (4.6) | 98.5 | (1.6) a | 69.5 | (18.4) | 80 | 34.3 | (6.4) | 11.5 | (10.8) | 18.9 | (11.8) |
| Panic Disorder | 131 | 82.5 | (4.4) | 90.6 | (9.1) | 90.9 | (6.3) a | 92 | 32.1 | (7.0) | 51.1 | (12.0) a | 20.1 | (11.9) |
| Panic Attack | 715 | 62.0 | (3.0) | 64.9 | (10.4) | 45.4 | (13.8) | 346 | 30.9 | (3.1) | 47.8 | (15.8) | 10.7 | (5.3) a,b |
| Any Anxiety Disorder | 662 | 67.9 | (2.5) | 89.9 | (4.2) a | 58.4 | (8.1) b | 383 | 25.3 | (2.4) | 33.9 | (11.1) | 12.6 | (4.4) b |
| Substance Use Disorders | ||||||||||||||
| Alcohol Abuse c | 140 | 65.3 | (4.9) | 95.9 | (2.1) a | 72.7 | (13.6) | 35 | 13.5 | (6.5) | 100 | (0.0) a | 54.8 | (0.0) a |
| Alcohol Dependence c | 59 | 75.7 | (6.0) | 100 | (0.0) a | 100 | (0.0) a | 19 | 33.0 | (10.8) | -- | 100 | (0.0) a | |
| Drug Abuse | 97 | 71.7 | (5.4) | 98.1 | (2.0) a | 71.9 | (10.7) b | 27 | 46.5 | (10.6) | 15.0 | (6.4) | 50.7 | (25.0) b |
| Drug Dependence c | 40 | 81.6 | (3.9) | 100 | (0.0) a | 85.2 | (14.2) a,b | 9 | 48.2 | (8.4) | -- | -- | ||
| Any Substance Use Disorder | 175 | 67.9 | (4.4) | 96.8 | (1.7) a | 68.4 | (13.7) b | 56 | 34.5 | (6.9) | 35.3 | (13.6) | 44.2 | (12.1) b |
| Any of the Above Disorders | 933 | 65.5 | (1.9) | 85.7 | (4.5) a | 47.0 | (8.6) b | 536 | 28.8 | (2.3) | 33.6 | (10.3) | 12.1 | (4.2) a,b |
| 2 or More of the Above Disorders | 432 | 75.6 | (2.9) | 92.7 | (4.1) a | 63.9 | (8.4) b | 209 | 33.1 | (3.3) | 49.9 | (10.3) | 20.4 | (6.3) |
Abbreviations: DSM IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition; U.S. = United States; S.E. = standard error. Pairwise comparisons of ethnic and nativity differences in the likelihood of seeking mental health services, obtained from multivariable logistic regressions. a Adjusted odds of mental health service use, compared to African American women, was statistically significant at p < 0.05. b Adjusted odds of mental health service use, compared to U.S.-born Caribbean women, was statistically significant at p < 0.05. c Multivariate pairwise comparisons of nativity differences in twelve-month service use could not be estimated due to small samples and lack of variation in service use. Note: -- indicates that weighted estimates could not be obtained because none of the lifetime cases reported using mental health services.