Table 1.
Participant demographics (N = 4305).
| Variables | Mean (SD) or N (%) |
|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Variables | |
| Age | 41.3 (14.3) |
| Gender | |
| Male | 1634 (38%) |
| Female | 2666 (61.9%) |
| Household income | |
| Lower (annual household income <50k) | 2109 (49.0%) |
| Higher | 2177 (50.7%) |
| Education | |
| High school or less | 861 (20.0%) |
| Associate’s degree or some college | 1657 (38.5%) |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1777 (41.3%) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 2912 (67.6%) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 954 (22.2%) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 84 (2.0%) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 173 (4.0%) |
| Hispanic 1 | 162 (3.8%) |
| Current family structure | |
| Single without children | 1050 (24.4%) |
| Single with children | 391 (9.1%) |
| Married without children | 309 (7.2%) |
| Married with children | 865 (20.1%) |
| Life partner without children | 169 (3.9%) |
| Life partner with children | 100 (2.3%) |
| Vehicle ownership | |
| Own a car or someone in my house owns a car | 2513 (58.4%) |
| Urban/suburban/rural area | |
| Urban | 1239 (28.8%) |
| Suburban | 2102 (48.8%) |
| Rural | 964 (22.4%) |
| Region | |
| Midwest | 969 (22.5%) |
| Northeast | 855 (19.9%) |
| Southeast | 1313 (30.5%) |
| Southwest | 409 (9.5%) |
| West | 758 (17.6%) |
| Neighborhood Food Environment | |
| Food desert/swamp area 2 | |
| Living in a food desert area Living in a food swamp area |
279 (6.5%) 1751 (40.7%) |
| Not living in a food desert/swamp area | 2039 (47.4%) |
| Outcome Variables | |
| Diet quality 3 | |
| Low | 1335 (31.0%) |
| Medium | 1549 (36.0%) |
| High | 1347 (31.3%) |
| Perceived Health quality | |
| Poor | 202 (4.7%) |
| Fair | 974 (22.6%) |
| Good | 1695 (39.4%) |
| Very good | 1029 (23.9%) |
| Excellent | 401 (9.3%) |
| Perceived Weight status | |
| Slightly underweight | 317 (7.4%) |
| About right | 1582 (36.7%) |
| Slightly overweight | 1813 (42.1%) |
| Very overweight | 591 (13.7%) |
1 Hispanic White: 114 (2.7%); Hispanic Black: 12 (0.2%); Hispanic Asian: 4 (0.1%); Hispanic other: 29 (0.7%). 2 If 0 < the mRFEI score < the median (0.368), it was designated as a perceived food swamp area; if the mRFEI score = 0, it was designated as a perceived food desert area; otherwise, it was defined not living in a food swamp/food desert area. 3 Diet quality was measured on a 6-point scale. We collapsed categories based on the distribution of diet quality score to create a high, medium, and low category.