Table 1.
Study characteristics and CCAT scores.
| Study | Country | Study Population | Sample | Aim(s) | Measure | Theoretical Framework | Results | CCAT Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adams et al. [76] | USA | New-York based members of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) |
n = 236 Males = 20.5% Females = 79.5% |
To determine the psychometric properties of the CF (CF) Scale-Revised | CF (CF) Scale-Revised | Stress-Process Framework | Information to work effectively and sense of mastery were negatively associated with BO and STS. | 65% |
| Jacobson [77] | USA | Members of Employee Assistance Professional Association (EAPA) |
n = 325 Mean Age = 50.06 (8.67) Males = 44.0% Females = 55.7% Involved in clinical work = 47.7% Involved in administrative work = 23.7% Number of clinical hours per week = 21.67 (14.35) Number of EAP sessions = 4.8 (2.96) |
To explore the prevalence and predictors of CF, BO and compassion satisfaction in a sample of employee assistance professionals. | ProQOL | Constructivist Self-Development Theory | Work-related stress due to engagement with traumatised clients was positively associated with CF and BO. Services offered by employee assistance professionals to cope with work-related stress was associated with BO. |
65% |
| Boscarino et al. [78] | USA | New-York based members of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) |
n = 236 Males = 20.5% Females = 79.5% |
To assess the prevalence of CF among social workers who cared for victims of the September 11 attack in New York City. | CF Scale-Revised | NR | World Trade Centre Recovery Involvement was positively associated with STS. Work Environment Support was negatively associated with STS and BO. | 70% |
| Tosone et al. [79] | USA | Manhattan-based members of the National Association of Social Work (NASW) |
n = 481 Mean Age = 59.83 (9.3) Males = 19.5% Females = 79.6% Length of service = 26.35 (9.77) Psychoanalytic = 61.3% Integrative/Eclectic = 23.7% Cognitive-Behavioural = 6.2% Family Systems = 2.9% General Systems = 2.3% |
To explore the relationships among attachment style, resilience and CF. | ProQOL-IV | NR | Percentage of clients experiencing trauma predicted CF. | 68% |
| Craig & Sprang [80] | USA | Clinical psychologists and clinical social workers |
n = 532 Clinical Psychology = 225 Clinical Social Work = 235 Mean Age = 53.2 Males = 34% Females = 65% |
To examine the association between the use of evidence-based practices and CF, BO and compassion satisfaction. | ProQOL-III | ProQOL Framework | Utilisation of evidence-based practices reduced CF and BO. | 88% |
| Butler et al. [81] | USA | Students in the graduate social work training programme at the University of Buffalo |
n = 195 Males = 11.8% Females = 87.7% Mental health or substance abuse = 31.1% School social work = 20.4% Child welfare = 19.9% Organisations/Community = 12.2% Healthcare = 9.2% Trauma programme/Domestic violence = 8.2% Crisis intervention = 5.1% Residential treatment = 3.1% |
To examine trauma-related exposures in graduate training and to investigate whether training-related risk and protective factors predict BO, decline in health status, STS and compassion satisfaction. | ProQOL 5 | NR | Training retraumatisation, high field stress and decreased self-care effort were predictors of BO and STS. | 83% |
| Deighton et al. [82] | Germany, Austria and Switzerland | German speaking trauma therapists based |
n = 100 Males = 34% Females = 65% Clinical Psychology = 35% Other branches of Psychology = 13% Psychiatry = 10% Other clinical professionals = 9% Social workers = 18% Physiotherapy = 6% Art Therapy = 7% Child Therapy = 1% Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic therapy = 15% Systemic Family Therapy = 12% Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy = 11% Client-Oriented Therapy = 9% Creative Therapies = 9% Gestalt Therapy = 8% Integrative therapy = 5% EMDR = 3% Psychodrama = 2% Other therapies = 8% Number of colleagues = 5.9 (3.5) Weekly working hours = 24.7 (11.2) Weekly caseload = 10.4 (5.4) Length of service with traumatised clients = 7.7 (5.5) |
To explore the nature of relationship between trauma therapists’ advocacy and use of working through and work-related outcomes. | ProQOL-III | NR | The degree of working through was negatively associated with BO. The advocacy of working through was positively was positively associated with CF. The participants who advocated working through but did not practice it experienced higher levels of CF than those who advocated as well as practiced it. |
53% |
| Somoray et al. [83] | Australia | Mental health workers working in an NGO providing counselling services |
n = 156 Mean Age = 44.60 (12.42) Males = 17.9% Females = 79.5% |
To investigate the role of personality traits and workplace belongingness in predicting the ProQOL. | ProQOL 5 | Five Factor Model of Personality | Workplace belongingness was positively associated with BO. | 70% |
| Mangoulia et al. [84] | Greece | Registered and assistant psychiatric nurses in 12 public hospitals |
n = 174 Registered nurses = 51.2% Assistant nurses = 48.8% Mean Age = 36.87 (7.37) Males = 29.9% Females = 70.1% Length of service in psychiatric unit = 6.71 (6.65) |
To investigate the prevalence of CF, BO and compassion satisfaction and examine the personal and work-related factors associated with them. | ProQOL-IV | NR | Participants who considered their working environment as very good and that the staff always worked as a team reported lower levels of BO. Nurses who worked fewer weekends per month had 1.2 to 2.6 times higher levels of CF. |
88% |
| Bell et al. [85] | UK | Mental health nurses and correctional officers employed at a prison in London |
n = 36 Mental health nurses = 21 Correctional officers = 15 Mean Age = 40.31 (1.57) Males = 58.3% Females = 41.7% |
To determine the levels of CF, BO and compassion satisfaction; and, to explore the relationship between risk and protective factors and ProQOL. | ProQOL 5 | NR | Low CF was associated with support and consultation from line managers, emotional support from colleagues and perceived level of skills. Low BO was associated with supervision and emotional support from colleagues. |
75% |
| Cetrano et al. [86] | Italy | Mental health professionals based in three mental health institutions |
n = 400 Males = 24.1% Females = 75.9% Psychiatry/Training = 19.9% Psychiatric Nursing = 30.5% Psychology = 6.8% Education/Social Work = 16.4% Rehabilitation Therapy = 5.5% Support Work = 20.9% |
To examine the predictive association of quality of working life and ProQOL. | ProQOL -III | ProQOL Framework | Ergonomic problems and impact of work on life were associated with CF and BO. Impact of life on work was associated with CF. Trust and perceived risks for future were associated with BO. | 80% |
| Verhaeghe et al. [87] | Belgium | Nursing staff employed at 17 wards in psychiatric hospital |
n = 219 Mean Age = 41.23 (11.43) Males = 23.7% Females = 72.6% |
To explore the associations between attitudes and perceived self-efficacy toward aggression and nurse-related characteristics. | ProQOL 5 | Theory of Planned Behaviour (Fishbein and Ajzen, 2010) Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1991) |
STS was negatively correlated with staff confidence. BO was negatively correlated with prediction and staff anxiety and fear of assault. |
78% |
| Itzhaki et al. [88] | Israel | Nurses working at a mental health centre |
n = 177 Males = 11.86% Females = 87.01% |
To explore the relationships among workplace violence, job stress and ProQOL (ProQOL). | ProQOL 5 | ProQOL Framework | Work stress was positively associated with BO. | 70% |
| Linley & Joseph [89] | UK | Psychotherapists |
n = 156 Mean Age = 53.67 (10.90) Males = 21.79% Females = 78.21% Weekly caseload = 12.64 (6.60) |
To examine the impact of organisational level factors and psychological level factors on the positive and negative well-being of psychotherapists. | ProQOL | NR | Therapists who had either received or were receiving personal therapy reported less BO. Therapists with cognitive-behavioural and existential therapeutic orientation were more likely to experience BO. |
55% |
| Ray et al. [90] | Canada | Frontline mental health professionals (FMHPs) in South-western Ontario |
n = 169 Mean Age = 43.8 (11.61) Males = 18.3% Females = 81.7% Length of service in the profession = 17.23 (11.45) Length of service in mental health = 13.98 (9.86) Length of service in current setting = 6.67 (7.02) Caseload = 14.30 (16.10) Nursing = 40.8% Allied Healthcare = 17.2% Case Management = 17.8% Mental Health = 24.3% |
To explore relationships among compassion satisfactions, CF, work-life conditions and BO. | ProQOL-IV-R | ProQOL Framework and Compassion Stress/Fatigue Model | CF was negatively correlated with workload, control, reward, community and fairness. | 68% |
Note. ProQOL: Professional Quality of Life; BO: Burnout; STS: Secondary Traumatic Stress; CF: Compassion Fatigue.