Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of women randomised to the high personalisation, low personalisation and waitlist control groups in a 6-month pilot randomised controlled trial for women with recent GDM who were at risk of developing T2DM: data are presented as % (n) or mean ± SD.
| High Personalisation | Low Personalisation | Waitlist Control | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 15) | (n = 13) | (n = 14) | |
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||
| Age | 34.0 ± 4.5 | 32.8 ± 3.6 | 33.6 ± 3.8 |
| Country of birth | |||
| Australia | 93.3 (14) | 100 (13) | 92.9 (13) |
| Highest qualification completed | |||
| School certificate (year 10 or equivalent) | 6.7 (1) | 0 | 14.3 (2) |
| Certificate/diploma/trade | 26.7 (4) | 30.8 (4) | 35.7 (5) |
| University degree | 60.0 (9) | 69.2 (9) | 50 (7) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/de facto | 93.3 (14) | 100 (13) | 100 (14) |
| Never married | 6.7 (1) | 0 | 0 |
| Household income | |||
| <$1000 weekly | 6.7 (1) | 0 | 7.1 (1) |
| $1000–$1999 weekly | 46.7 (7) | 38.5 (5) | 35.7 (5) |
| >$2000 weekly | 33.3 (5) | 53.8 (7) | 57.1 (8) |
| Do not know/decline to answer | 13.3 (2) | 7.7 (1) | 0 |
| Ability to manage on current income | |||
| Difficult some of the time | 46.7 (7) | 15.4 (2) | 35.7 (5) |
| Not too bad/easy | 53.4 (8) | 84.6 (11) | 64.3 (9) |
| Current smoker (less than once per week) | 0 | 7.7 (1) | 0 |
| Pregnancy and GDM History | |||
| Parity | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.6 |
| Months since first GDM diagnosis | 14.4 ± 10.1 | 11.6 ± 5.6 | 12.2 ± 4.9 |
| GDM Management | |||
| Diet | 93.3 (14) | 92.3 (12) | 71.4 (10) |
| Exercise | 40.0 (6) | 46.2 (6) | 28.6 (4) |
| Tablets | 0 | 7.7 (1) | 0 |
| Insulin | 66.7 (10) | 46.2 (6) | 64.3 (9) |
| Other Health Conditions | |||
| Pre-eclampsia | 20.0 (3) | 23.1 (3) | 7.1 (1) |
| PCOS | 20.0 (3) | 23.1 (3) | 7.1 (1) |
| Low thyroid hormone levels | 6.7 (1) | 0 | 7.1 (1) |
| Other condition: cholestasis of pregnancy | 0 | 7.7 (1) | 0 |
| Anthropometry | |||
| Height (m) | 1.66 ± 0.10 | 1.62 ± 0.10 | 1.65 ± 5.60 |
| Weight (kg) | 91.1 ± 15.9 | 89.3 ± 12.5 | 83.8 ± 10.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.8 ± 4.1 | 33.9 ± 3.6 | 31.1 ± 4.8 |
| BMI category, % (n) | |||
| Overweight | 26.7 (4) | 23.1 (3) | 28.6 (4) |
| Obese | 73.3 (11) | 76.9 (10) | 57.1 (8) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 101.5 ± 12.2 | 103.0 ± 10.6 | 96.3 ± 8.1 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 35.7 ± 9.6 | 39.1 ± 10.2 | 40.4 ± 11.2 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 26.7 ± 3.2 | 27.3 ± 2.9 | 28.1 ± 3.8 |
| Biochemistry | |||
| HbA1c % | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.3 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.4 |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 7.8 ± 3.0 | 10.3 ± 5.0 | 6.1 ± 2.6 |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.3 |
| QUICKI | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.03 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 1.0 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 |
| Total cholesterol/HDL ratio | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 1.2 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.5 |
| Cardiovascular Measures | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 104.4 ± 8.2 | 109.4 ± 9.4 | 106.4 ± 10.2 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67.5 ± 6.1 | 69.3 ± 5.6 | 68.6 ± 7.3 |
| Dietary Intake | |||
| ARFS total score (maximum 73) | 34.7 ± 6.4 | 39.0 ± 10.3 | 34.2 ± 7.0 |
| % energy: core foods | 57.4 ± 11.1 | 62.9 ± 7.0 | 60.9 ± 12.6 |
| % energy: non-core foods | 42.6 ± 11.1 | 37.1 ± 7.0 | 39.1 ± 12.6 |
| % energy: protein | 18.7 ± 2.8 | 21.3 ± 3.0 | 18.6 ± 3.2 |
| % energy: carbohydrate | 45.7 ± 4.7 | 39.7 ± 4.2 | 43.9 ± 6.6 |
| % energy: fats | 35.1 ± 3.6 | 38.8 ± 3.7 | 33.6 ± 14.4 |
| % energy: saturated fats | 15.5 ± 2.4 | 17.4 ± 2.6 | 14.1 ± 1.8 |
| % energy: alcohol | 1.3 ± 2.2 | 1.0 ± 1.6 | 4.1 ± 5.0 |
| Physical Activity | |||
| MVPA (minutes/week) | 74.3 ± 87.1 | 144.2 ± 114.4 | 130.0 ± 116.7 |
| Resistance training frequency | |||
| None | 86.7 (13) | 69.2 (9) | 57.1 (8) |
| 1–2 times per week | 6.7 (1) | 23.1 (3) | 7.1 (1) |
| 3 or more times per week | 6.7 (1) | 7.7 (1) | 35.7 (5) |
| Pelvic floor exercise frequency | |||
| None | 53.3 (8) | 69.2 (0) | 42.9 (6) |
| 1–2 times per week | 13.3 (2) | 15.4 (2) | 35.7 (5) |
| 3 or more times per week | 20.0 (5) | 15.4 (2) | 21.4 (3) |
| Self-Efficacy and Quality of Life | |||
| WEL-SF (maximum 90) | 43.9 ± 19.7 | 51.5 ± 16.5 | 46.6 ± 14.4 |
| Self-Efficacy for Exercise score (maximum 11) | 5.9 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 2.2 | 6.0 ± 2.5 |
| AQoL-6D utility score (maximum 1.0) | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 0.78 ± 0.11 | 0.80 ± 0.20 |
Abbreviations: AQoL, Assessment of Quality of Life 6-dimension; ARFS, Australian Recommended Food Score; BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR2, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL low-density lipoprotein, MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SD, standard deviation; and WEL-SF, Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire-Short Form.