Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of participants according to T2D
| Characteristics | Non-T2D | T2D | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | 1522 | 1032 | |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 5 (0–10) | ||
| Age, years | 46.4 ± 13.7 | 57.2 ± 13.8 | < .0001 |
| ≥ 50 years old | 640 (42.1) | 785 (76.1) | < .0001 |
| Male sex | 1131 (74.3) | 549 (53.2) | < .0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 ± 3.5 | 25.3 ± 3.9 | 0.3338 |
| BMI < 18.5 | 23 (1.5) | 27 (2.6) | 0.2012 |
| BMI ≥ 18.5 and < 24 | 504 (33.1) | 354 (34.3) | |
| BMI ≥ 24 and < 28 | 653 (42.9) | 430 (41.7) | |
| BMI ≥ 28 | 342(22.5) | 221 (21.4) | |
| SBP, mmHg | 130.9 ± 17.2 | 140.4 ± 24.0 | < .0001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.55 ± 0.35 | 1.08 ± 0.35 | < .0001 |
| < 1.00 in male or < 1.30 in female | 123 (8.1) | 785 (76.1) | < .0001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.06 ± 0.70 | 2.89 ± 1.01 | < .0001 |
| LDL-C > 2.60 mmol/L | 1127 (74.1) | 434 (42.1) | < .0001 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.51 (1.02–2.35) | 1.67 (1.11–2.38) | 0.0126 |
| Triglyceride > 1.70 | 644 (42.8) | 361 (48.5) | 0.0097 |
| HbA1c, % | 9.60 (2.38) | ||
| Asparagine, μmol/L | 70.68 (59.77–84.12) | 74.85 (61.98–89.50) | < .0001 |
| > 88, μmol/L | 303 (19.9) | 280 (27.1) | < .0001 |
| Aspartate, μmol/L | 42.54 (29.67–58.01) | 28.37 (20.91–37.56) | < .0001 |
| < 65, μmol/L | 1275 (83.8) | 1014 (98.3) | < .0001 |
| Asparagine: aspartate | 1.72 (1.26–2.37) | 2.60 (1.99–3.55) | < .0001 |
| ≤ 1.5 μmol/L | 578 (38.0) | 87 (8.4) | < .0001 |
| > 1.5 μmol/L | 944 (62.0) | 945 (91.6) | |
| Macrovascular complications | |||
| Prior CAD | 210 (20.4) | ||
| Prior stroke | 199 (19.3) | ||
| Microvascular complications | |||
| Diabetic retinopathy | 162 (15.7) | ||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 187 (18.1) | ||
| Diabetes medications | |||
| Oral anti-diabetic drugs | 564 (55.1) | ||
| Insulin | 770 (74.8) | ||
| Statins | 369 (35.9) | ||
| Other lipid-lowering drugs | 23 (2.2) | ||
| ACEIs | 135 (13.1) | ||
| ARBs | 134 (13.0) | ||
| Other anti-hypertensive drugs | 309 (29.9) | ||
Abbreviations: T2D type 2 diabetes, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, CAD coronary artery disease, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers
Data are means ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range [IQR]) or n (%)
P values were derived from independent-samples Student’s t test for normally distributed variables, Mann-Whitney U test for skewed distributions, chi-square test (or fisher test if appropriate) for categorical variables