Table 2.
Comparison between the baseline and last follow-up characteristics of patients in the selenium and control groups
| Characteristic | Selenium supplementation group | Controls | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n = 46) | Final (n = 43) | ∆Change | p value | Baseline (n = 54) | Final (n = 45) | ∆Change | p value | |
| Biomarkers | ||||||||
| Serum selenium, μg/L | 49.8 ± 10.8 | 85.2 ± 19.0 | + [35.5] | < 0.001* | 48.1 ± 10.6 | 74.5 ± 17.1 | + [26.4] | < 0.001* |
| Serum GPX, U/L | 326. ± 122 | 341 ± 193 | + [15] | 0.653 | 362 ± 145 | 307 ± 137 | − 55 | 0.056 |
| NYHA class | ||||||||
| I | 32.6% | 58.1% | + [25.5]% | 0.027* | 18.5% | 17.8% | − 0.7% | 0.868 |
| II–IV | 67.4% | 41.9% | − 25.5% | 48.1% | 82.2% | + [34.1]% | ||
| Heart failure treatments | ||||||||
| Loop diuretics | 84.8% | 23.3% | − 61.5% | < 0.001* | 83.3% | 40.0% | − 43.3% | < 0.001* |
| ACEI or ARB | 23.9% | 58.1% | + [34.2]% | 0.002* | 27.8% | 51.1% | + [23.3]% | 0.030* |
| Beta-blockers | 19.6% | 46.5% | + [26.9]% | 0.013* | 9.3% | 51.1% | + [41.8]% | < 0.001* |
| Spironolactone | 91.3% | 53.5% | − 37.8% | < 0.001* | 88.9% | 57.8% | − 31.1% | < 0.001* |
| Digoxin | 71.7% | 41.9% | − 29.8% | 0.009* | 66.7% | 55.6% | − 11.1% | 0.355 |
| Echocardiography | ||||||||
| LA dimension, mm | 45.1 ± 6.5 | 37.0 ± 5.5 | − 8.1 | < 0.001* | 45.7 ± 5.8 | 39.0 ± 4.9 | − 6.7 | < 0.001* |
| LVEDD, mm | 62.1 ± 7.2 | 55.4 ± 11.7 | − 6.7 | 0.002* | 64.0 ± 7.8 | 55.2 ± 11.2 | − 8.8 | < 0.001* |
| LVEF, % | 30.9 ± 7.1 | 45.9 ± 12.2 | + [15.0] | < 0.001* | 28.8 ± 8.0 | 42.0 ± 13.7 | + [13.2] | < 0.001* |
| RV basal diameter, mm | 42.7 ± 7.9 | 34.0 ± 7.2 | − 8.7 | < 0.001* | 42.0 ± 6.9 | 34.0 ± 6.4 | − 8.0 | < 0.001* |
| TAPSE, mm | 14.1 ± 3.7 | 17.9 ± 4.1 | + [3.8] | < 0.001* | 14.3 ± 2.7 | 16.8 ± 3.1 | + [2.5] | < 0.001* |
| PASP, mmHg | 42.8 ± 19.0 | 35.1 ± 18.9 | − 7.7 | 0.059 | 44.0 ± 18.2 | 47.1 ± 32.4 | + [3.1] | 0.551 |
n, number of patients; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; NYHA, New York Heart Association; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; LA, left atrium; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVEF, LV ejection fraction; RV, right ventricle; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; ∆Change, change in the mean or percentage; *, p value statistically significant. All values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, or as proportions in percentages