Table 2.
Patient-reported outcomes comparing telemedicine versus standard outpatient care: the DiaFOTo study, Western Norwaya
| Telemedicine (n = 78) |
Standard Outpatient Care (SOC) (n = 78) |
Intervention effect | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | p-value | Baseline | Follow-up | p-value | Effectb | p-value | |||||
| Generic Quality of Life measuresc | n | n | n | n | ||||||||
| EQ-5D-5L, (0–1) | 75 | 0.72 (0.3) | 67 | 0.76 (0.2) | 0.06 | 72 | 0.70 (0.3) | 56 | 0.75 (0.2) | 0.02 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.05) | 0.66 |
| EQ-VAS, (0–100) | 74 | 59.0 (21.8) | 68 | 60.4 (21.7) | 0.53 | 73 | 57.7 (20.8) | 57 | 63.5 (21.4) | 0.02 | −3.99 (−10.17, 2.19) | 0.21 |
| WHO-5, (0–100) | 73 | 63.2 (21.0) | 64 | 65.4 (19.8) | 0.44 | 67 | 59.4 (21.5) | 54 | 62.4 (20.6) | 0.48 | −0.67 (−6.74, 5.39) | 0.83 |
| HADS-A, (0–21) | 77 | 4.3 (3.3) | 66 | 4.5 (3.9) | 0.89 | 78 | 4.6 (4.0) | 58 | 4.7 (3.9) | 0.43 | −0.25 (−1.28, 0.78) | 0.63 |
| HADS-D, (0–21) | 77 | 4.7 (3.3) | 66 | 4.7 (3.9) | 0.88 | 78 | 5.4 (4.1) | 58 | 5.1 (3.5) | 0.57 | 0.15 (−0.83, 1.1) | 0.76 |
| Disease-specific Quality of Life measuresc | ||||||||||||
| PAID-20, mean (SD) | 68 | 21.6 (18.6) | 64 | 25.4 (20.0) | 0.04 | 62 | 21.4 (18.3) | 48 | 22.3 (18.0) | 0.76 | 2.56 (−1.95, 7.06) | 0.27 |
| PAID-20 ≥ 40 (%) | 68 | 14 (20.6) | 64 | 11 (17.2) | 0.31 | 62 | 8 (12.9) | 48 | 7 (14.6) | 0.85 | −0.34 (−1.22, 0.54) | 0.45 |
| NeuroQOL weighted (1–15) | ||||||||||||
| Painful symptoms | 75 | 4.0 (2.2) | 65 | 4.1 (2.6) | 0.97 | 73 | 4.2 (2.7) | 58 | 4.2 (2.7) | 0.89 | 0.06 (−0.77–0.88) | 0.90 |
| Reduced feeling | 71 | 4.8 (3.7) | 63 | 4.4 (3.3) | 0.19 | 70 | 5.2 (3.3) | 55 | 4.7 (3.3) | 0.26 | −0.03 (−1.06–0.99) | 0.95 |
| Diffuse sensorimotor symptoms | 70 | 5.8 (4.2) | 64 | 5.5 (4.3) | 0.29 | 71 | 5.7 (4.0) | 54 | 5.4 (3.7) | 0.12 | 0.23 (−0.78–1.24) | 0.66 |
| ADL restrictions | 69 | 7.2 (4.2) | 58 | 6.5 (3.7) | 0.19 | 70 | 8.2 (4.4) | 52 | 6.3 (4.0) | 0.003 | 1.05 (−0.65–2.75) | 0.23 |
| Interpersonal burden | 70 | 5.5 (3.9) | 59 | 5.1 (4.0) | 0.18 | 71 | 5.3 (3.5) | 50 | 4.7 (3.6) | 0.20 | 0.02 (−1.18–1.22) | 0.97 |
| Emotional distress | 75 | 4.0 (2.2) | 63 | 4.1 (2.6) | 0.97 | 73 | 4.2 (2.7) | 53 | 4.2 (2.7) | 0.89 | 0.06 (−0.77–0.88) | 0.90 |
Data are shown as mean ± SD for continuous variables and n (%) percent for categorical variables
aIn the current study we included all participants with at least one valid patient-reported outcome measure at baseline
bRegression coefficient for interaction between time and treatment group in linear mixed effects model for continuous outcome and generalized estimation equations (GEE) for binary outcomes
cHigher scores on EQ-VAS, or WHO-5 reflect better perceived health, health state or psychological well-being. Higher scores on EQ-5D, HADS-anxiety or –depression or PAID-20 reflect lower health-related quality of Life, more anxiety or depressive symptoms or more diabetes distress; Higher scores on the NeuroQOL reflect greater impact of foot ulcers on quality of life