Table 1.
The characteristics of diabetic patients
| T1D | P | LADA | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normoalbuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | Normoalbuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | |||
| Number | 204 | 10 | 12 | 61 | 10 | 8 | ||
| Age (yr) | 21.67±14.92 | 28.50±28.66 | 33.50±17.06* | 0.017 | 52.46±10.48 | 58.90±14.14 | 57.00±9.26 | 0.156 |
| Gender (male/female) | 100/104 | 3/7 | 5/7 | 0.456 | 35/26 | 7/3 | 4/4 | 0.667 |
| Duration of diabetes (yr) | 5.13±5.05 | 7.27±7.59 | 11.03±5.12* | <0.001 | 5.42±5.45 | 10.40±5.99* | 12.56±6.54* | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 18.95±3.20 | 19.00±2.73 | 21.01±2.31* | 0.110 | 21.59±2.79 | 22.86±3.62 | 21.96±2.42 | 0.429 |
| Smoker (%) | 35.3 | 40.0 | 41.7 | 0.870 | 24.6 | 50.0 | 37.5 | 0.231 |
| WHR | 0.84±0.07 | 0.83±0.08 | 0.87±0.07 | 0.296 | 0.89±0.06 | 0.91±0.05 | 0.88±0.06 | 0.530 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 112.94±15.53 | 114.20±20.91 | 139.42±34.21*∆ | <0.001 | 122.72±17.23 | 133.90±22.83 | 137.75±24.26* | 0.039 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.56±12.69 | 75.00±16.21 | 81.67±16.46* | 0.012 | 77.00±9.82 | 79.90±15.50 | 85.13±10.74 | 0.121 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.37±2.19 | 7.63±1.85 | 7.48±1.40 | 0.228 | 9.45±2.35 | 9.69±2.53 | 9.89±2.17 | 0.864 |
| FBG (mmol/l) | 9.17±4.56 | 7.60±3.08 | 10.63±4.78 | 0.315 | 8.31±4.31 | 8.07±3.55 | 6.56±3.73 | 0.579 |
| PBG (mmol/l) | 16.01±7.17 | 14.88±6.84 | 13.27±6.56 | 0.409 | 13.50±6.18 | 12.66±4.92 | 11.81±5.81 | 0.746 |
| FCP (pmol/l)a | 25.05 (5.50, 89.58) | 10.05 (5.50,44.18) | 5.50 (5.50,157.50) | 0.405 | 90.00 (30.85,163.75) | 136.75 (37.53,224.88) | 70.55 (9.48, 188.48) | 0.771 |
| PCP (pmol/l) a | 41.00 (5.70,215.08) | 30.60 (5.85,86.50) | 17.1 (5.50,126.30) | 0.512 | 179.90 (56.50,312.78) | 251.65 (76.80,593.80) | 202.30 (13.80,255.23) | 0.778 |
| TG (mmol/l) a | 0.74 (0.58,1.11) | 0.86 (0.49,1.23) | 0.84 (0.65,1.25) | 0.422 | 0.93 (0.68, 1.17) | 1.31 (0.86, 1.70) | 1.30 (0.91, 1.54) | 0.068 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.28±0.91 | 4.15±0.83 | 4.63±1.26 | 0.416 | 4.19±0.72 | 4.07±0.82 | 3.94±0.98 | 0.680 |
| LDL-c (mmol/l) | 2.42±0.78 | 2.24±0.83 | 2.72±1.04 | 0.354 | 2.43±0.64 | 2.38±0.78 | 2.37±0.94 | 0.965 |
| HDL-c (mmol/l) a | 1.45 (1.20,1.67) | 1.55 (1.35,1.75) | 1.48 (1.30,1.64) | 0.574 | 1.29 (1.13, 1.59) | 1.34 (0.91, 1.42) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.45) | 0.241 |
| Albumin (g/l)) | 42.37±4.08 | 41.72±3.65 | 36.02±7.87*∆ | <0.001 | 37.44±2.96 | 36.38±2.91 | 33.21±3.92*∆ | 0.003 |
| TBIL (umol/l) | 12.26±5.35 | 11.68±3.62 | 9.46±4.00 | 0.194 | 12.14±4.40 | 10.78±5.84 | 7.92±2.74 | 0.081 |
| DBIL (umol/l) | 3.92±1.94 | 3.87±1.08 | 3.13±1.66 | 0.382 | 3.88±1.44 | 3.28±1.65 | 2.64±1.18 | 0.073 |
| UA (umol/l) | 255.92±69.79 | 289.92±78.39 | 312.02±95.63* | 0.018 | 230.89±53.26 | 303.57±63.54* | 351.35±92.66* | <0.001 |
| EGFR (ml/(min*1.73m²))a | 139.15 (111.45-168.47) | 110.36 (72.18-135.87)* | 57.24 (50.42-116.46)* | 0.001 | 102.23 (80.56-124.21) | 72.70 (47.20-144.44) | 59.29 (42.45-96.85)* | 0.022 |
| No medication | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Insulin | 204 | 10 | 12 | 29 | 4 | 4 | ||
| Oral hypoglycemic agent + insulin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 5 | 4 | ||
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) as appropriate. Compared with the normalalbuminuria group: *p < 0.05; Compared with the microalbuminuria group: ∆ p < 0.05; aNon-parametric kruskal-wallis method was used to test the differences among the three groups.
Abbreviations: T1D type 1 diabetes, LADA latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, BMI body mass index, WHR waist to hip ratio, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TBIL total bilirubin, DBIL direct bilirubin, EGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, PBG 2h postprandial blood glucose, FCP fasting C-peptide, PCP 2h postprandial C-peptide, UA uric acid