Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics Before and After Propensity Score Weighting
| Before Propensity Score Weighting | After Propensity Score Weighting | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Apixaban (N=11,350) |
Dabigatran (N=3,435) |
Rivaroxaban (N=8,597) |
Warfarin (N=11,187) |
Apixaban (N=10,880) |
Dabigatran (N=3,007) |
Rivaroxaban (N=8,269) |
Warfarin (N=10,680) |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 72.3 (10.5) | 67.2 (11.1) | 69.4 (11) | 72.8 (9.8) | 71.4 (10.3) | 71.1 (9.7) | 71.2 (10.4) | 71.3 (10.3) |
| Female | 5,376 (47.4) | 1,251 (36.4) | 3,427 (39.9) | 4,862 (43.5) | 4,745 (43.6) | 1,267 (42.1) | 3,575 (43.2) | 4,608 (43.1) |
| Race | ||||||||
| Asian | 261 (2.3) | 96 (2.8) | 272 (3.2) | 238 (2.1) | 267 (2.5) | 78 (2.6) | 211 (2.6) | 263 (2.5) |
| Black | 1,246 (11) | 272 (7.9) | 719 (8.4) | 1,246 (11.1) | 1,097 (10.1) | 286 (9.5) | 780 (9.4) | 1,068 (10.0) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 714 (6.3) | 212 (6.2) | 621 (7.2) | 712 (6.4) | 725 (6.7) | 199 (6.6) | 554 (6.7) | 712 (6.7) |
| Other/Unknown | 1,142 (10.1) | 241 (7.0) | 698 (8.1) | 828 (7.4) | 914 (8.4) | 234 (7.8) | 704 (8.5) | 898 (8.4) |
| White | 7,987 (70.4) | 2,614 (76.1) | 6,287 (73.1) | 8,163 (73) | 7,878 (72.4) | 2,210 (73.5) | 6,019 (72.8) | 7,739 (72.5) |
| Geographic Region | ||||||||
| Midwest | 1,922 (16.9) | 439 (12.8) | 1,288 (15) | 2,176 (19.5) | 1,852 (17) | 477 (15.9) | 1,353 (16.4) | 1,837 (17.2) |
| Northeast | 1,912 (16.8) | 558 (16.2) | 1,586 (18.4) | 1,990 (17.8) | 1,906 (17.5) | 525 (17.5) | 1,452 (17.6) | 1,837 (17.2) |
| South | 6,498 (57.3) | 2,091 (60.9) | 4,840 (56.3) | 5,877 (52.5) | 6,074 (55.8) | 1,695 (56.4) | 4,654 (56.3) | 5,950 (55.7) |
| West | 1,018 (9) | 347 (10.1) | 883 (10.3) | 1,144 (10.2) | 1,048 (9.6) | 310 (10.3) | 809 (9.8) | 1,056 (9.9) |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 68.5 (20.1) | 73.3 (19.0) | 72.5 (18.9) | 65.9 (21.1) | 69.2 (19.6) | 69.5 (18.1) | 69.4 (19.3) | 69 (19.6) |
| 15–30 | 327 (2.9) | 39 (1.1) | 111 (1.3) | 583 (5.2) | 308 (2.8) | 70 (2.3) | 210 (2.5) | 329 (3.1) |
| 30–45 | 1,213 (10.7) | 222 (6.5) | 607 (7.1) | 1,391 (12.4) | 1,084 (10) | 282 (9.4) | 797 (9.6) | 1,076 (10.1) |
| 45–60 | 2,278 (20.1) | 594 (17.3) | 1,523 (17.7) | 2,321 (20.7) | 2,095 (19.3) | 598 (19.9) | 1,650 (20) | 2,051 (19.2) |
| 60–90 | 5,916 (52.1) | 1,877 (54.6) | 4,764 (55.4) | 5,480 (49) | 5,757 (52.9) | 1,603 (53.3) | 4,348 (52.6) | 5,601 (52.4) |
| ≥90 | 1,616 (14.2) | 703 (20.5) | 1,592 (18.5) | 1,412 (12.6) | 1,636 (15) | 454 (15.1) | 1,264 (15.3) | 1,624 (15.2) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc, mean (SD) * | 4.5 (1.9) | 3.8 (2.0) | 4 (1.9) | 4.8 (1.9) | 4.4 (1.9) | 4.3 (1.8) | 4.4 (1.9) | 4.4 (1.9) |
| HAS-BLED, mean (SD) † | 3.1 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.3) | 3 (1.3) | 3 (1.2) | 3 (1.3) | 3 (1.3) |
| Medical History | ||||||||
| Heart failure | 4,227 (37.2) | 1,010 (29.4) | 2,637 (30.7) | 5,202 (46.5) | 4,041 (37.1) | 1,078 (35.8) | 3,067 (37.1) | 4,099 (38.4) |
| Hypertension | 10,560 (93) | 3,104 (90.4) | 7,865 (91.5) | 10,612 (94.9) | 10,096 (92.8) | 2,801 (93.1) | 7,701 (93.1) | 9,942 (93.1) |
| Thromboembolism | 2,562 (22.6) | 623 (18.1) | 1,535 (17.9) | 2,987 (26.7) | 2,386 (21.9) | 671 (22.3) | 1,811 (21.9) | 2,352 (22) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4,747 (41.8) | 1,346 (39.2) | 3,435 (40) | 5,289 (47.3) | 4,598 (42.3) | 1,282 (42.6) | 3,540 (42.8) | 4,597 (43) |
| Coronary artery disease | 6,312 (55.6) | 1,822 (53) | 4,393 (51.1) | 7,021 (62.8) | 6,106 (56.1) | 1,710 (56.8) | 4,620 (55.9) | 6,094 (57.1) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 1,640 (14.4) | 396 (11.5) | 1,079 (12.6) | 2,125 (19) | 1,600 (14.7) | 454 (15.1) | 1,197 (14.5) | 1,629 (15.3) |
| Major bleeding | 2,773 (24.4) | 804 (23.4) | 1,920 (22.3) | 3,047 (27.2) | 2,636 (24.2) | 720 (23.9) | 1,975 (23.9) | 2,634 (24.7) |
| Intracranial bleeding | 256 (2.3) | 66 (1.9) | 131 (1.5) | 276 (2.5) | 236 (2.2) | 57 (1.9) | 156 (1.9) | 218 (2.0) |
| Liver disease | 1,874 (16.5) | 522 (15.2) | 1,328 (15.4) | 1,700 (15.2) | 1,719 (15.8) | 478 (15.9) | 1,295 (15.7) | 1,628 (15.2) |
| Alcoholism | 623 (5.5) | 184 (5.4) | 517 (6) | 622 (5.6) | 594 (5.5) | 154 (5.1) | 472 (5.7) | 581 (5.4) |
| Obesity | 4,214 (37.1) | 1,125 (32.8) | 3,082 (35.8) | 3,592 (32.1) | 3,837 (35.3) | 1,030 (34.3) | 2,906 (35.1) | 3,682 (34.5) |
| Smoking | 4,208 (37.1) | 1,058 (30.8) | 2,952 (34.3) | 3,891 (34.8) | 3,852 (35.4) | 1,024 (34) | 2,926 (35.4) | 3,722 (34.8) |
| Falls | 1,955 (17.2) | 362 (10.5) | 1,117 (13) | 1,823 (16.3) | 1,673 (15.4) | 434 (14.4) | 1,234 (14.9) | 1,602 (15.0) |
| Acute Kidney Injury | 2,186 (19.3) | 365 (10.6) | 1,098 (12.8) | 2,742 (24.5) | 2,023 (18.6) | 504 (16.8) | 1,461 (17.7) | 1,979 (18.5) |
| Other valvular heart disease | 5,700 (50.2) | 1,711 (49.8) | 4,081 (47.5) | 5,886 (52.6) | 5,456 (50.1) | 1,519 (50.5) | 4,158 (50.3) | 5,399 (50.5) |
| Non skin cancer | 2,344 (20.7) | 618 (18) | 1,578 (18.4) | 2,543 (22.7) | 2,216 (20.4) | 614 (20.4) | 1,636 (19.8) | 2,222 (20.8) |
| Recent major bleeding | 60 (0.5) | 21 (0.6) | 29 (0.3) | 109 (1.0) | 61 (0.6) | 21 (0.7) | 38 (0.5) | 70 (0.7) |
| Recent thromboembolism | 598 (5.3) | 134 (3.9) | 329 (3.8) | 851 (7.6) | 575 (5.3) | 149 (4.9) | 426 (5.2) | 601 (5.6) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 10,113 (89.1) | 3,074 (89.5) | 7,624 (88.7) | 10,150 (90.7) | 9,732 (89.4) | 2,713 (90.2) | 7,430 (89.9) | 9,563 (89.5) |
| Ischemic stroke | 1,837 (16.2) | 412 (12) | 1,019 (11.9) | 2,148 (19.2) | 1,705 (15.7) | 460 (15.3) | 1,238 (15) | 1,674 (15.7) |
| Myocardial infarction | 2,115 (18.6) | 519 (15.1) | 1,371 (15.9) | 2,698 (24.1) | 2,047 (18.8) | 554 (18.4) | 1,563 (18.9) | 2,093 (19.6) |
| COPD | 1,755 (15.5) | 456 (13.3) | 1,295 (15.1) | 2,235 (20) | 1,772 (16.3) | 487 (16.2) | 1,411 (17.1) | 1,806 (16.9) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 2,690 (23.7) | 853 (24.8) | 2,051 (23.9) | 2,310 (20.6) | 2,518 (23.1) | 686 (22.8) | 1,919 (23.2) | 2,398 (22.5) |
| Systolic heart failure | 1,850 (16.3) | 349 (10.2) | 999 (11.6) | 2,121 (19) | 1,683 (15.5) | 432 (14.4) | 1,214 (14.7) | 1,637 (15.3) |
| Cardioversion | 1,530 (13.5) | 505 (14.7) | 1,127 (13.1) | 908 (8.1) | 1,298 (11.9) | 359 (11.9) | 993 (12.0) | 1,208 (11.3) |
| Ablation | 313 (2.8) | 162 (4.7) | 288 (3.4) | 224 (2.0) | 306 (2.8) | 82 (2.7) | 236 (2.9) | 276 (2.6) |
| Pacemaker/ICD | 1,581 (13.9) | 384 (11.2) | 991 (11.5) | 1,602 (14.3) | 1,459 (13.4) | 409 (13.6) | 1,092 (13.2) | 1,403 (13.1) |
| PCI/CABG | 2,081 (18.3) | 571 (16.6) | 1,365 (15.9) | 2,776 (24.8) | 2,091 (19.2) | 561 (18.7) | 1,565 (18.9) | 2,125 (19.9) |
| Depression | 4,550 (40.1) | 1,203 (35) | 3,144 (36.6) | 4,376 (39.1) | 4,201 (38.6) | 1,122 (37.3) | 3,140 (38) | 4,096 (38.4) |
| Dementia | 939 (8.3) | 154 (4.5) | 493 (5.7) | 911 (8.1) | 789 (7.3) | 208 (6.9) | 595 (7.2) | 762 (7.1) |
| Hypothyroidism | 3,863 (34) | 1,095 (31.9) | 2,690 (31.3) | 3,821 (34.2) | 3,614 (33.2) | 988 (32.9) | 2,723 (32.9) | 3,539 (33.1) |
| Thyrotoxicosis | 586 (5.2) | 212 (6.2) | 450 (5.2) | 605 (5.4) | 561 (5.2) | 158 (5.2) | 449 (5.4) | 574 (5.4) |
| Ulcer in upper GI tract | 697 (6.1) | 204 (5.9) | 475 (5.5) | 783 (7.0) | 659 (6.1) | 189 (6.3) | 496 (6) | 662 (6.2) |
| Baseline Medication | ||||||||
| Antiplatelet | 1,386 (12.2) | 364 (10.6) | 916 (10.7) | 1,571 (14) | 1,315 (12.1) | 367 (12.2) | 1,006 (12.2) | 1,283 (12) |
| NSAIDS | 1,376 (12.1) | 444 (12.9) | 1,047 (12.2) | 1,210 (10.8) | 1,291 (11.9) | 347 (11.5) | 987 (11.9) | 1,236 (11.6) |
| Amiodarone | 1,367 (12) | 364 (10.6) | 857 (10.0) | 1,434 (12.8) | 1,277 (11.7) | 327 (10.9) | 938 (11.3) | 1,230 (11.5) |
| Dronedarone | 296 (2.6) | 169 (4.9) | 268 (3.1) | 195 (1.7) | 293 (2.7) | 81 (2.7) | 231 (2.8) | 264 (2.5) |
| Other antiarrhythmic drugs | 1,264 (11.1) | 484 (14.1) | 1,041 (12.1) | 775 (6.9) | 1,140 (10.5) | 316 (10.5) | 888 (10.7) | 1,071 (10.0) |
| Digoxin | 821 (7.2) | 371 (10.8) | 669 (7.8) | 1,339 (12) | 952 (8.7) | 280 (9.3) | 746 (9) | 1,017 (9.5) |
| Diltiazem | 2,064 (18.2) | 626 (18.2) | 1,533 (17.8) | 1,930 (17.3) | 1,954 (18.0) | 540 (18.0) | 1,481 (17.9) | 1,890 (17.7) |
| Verapamil | 161 (1.4) | 68 (2.0) | 152 (1.8) | 232 (2.1) | 176 (1.6) | 45 (1.5) | 146 (1.8) | 191 (1.8) |
| Other rate control drugs | 7,630 (67.2) | 2,171 (63.2) | 5,515 (64.2) | 7,417 (66.3) | 7,194 (66.1) | 1,955 (65) | 5,407 (65.4) | 7,005 (65.6) |
| Renin-angiotensin system antagonists | 6,201 (54.6) | 1,816 (52.9) | 4,488 (52.2) | 6,072 (54.3) | 5,874 (54.0) | 1,649 (54.8) | 4,416 (53.4) | 5,712 (53.5) |
| Other calcium channel blockers | 2,704 (23.8) | 721 (21) | 1,864 (21.7) | 2,645 (23.6) | 2,529 (23.2) | 682 (22.7) | 1,887 (22.8) | 2,437 (22.8) |
| Other adrenergic blocking agents | 608 (5.4) | 184 (5.4) | 437 (5.1) | 783 (7.0) | 597 (5.5) | 164 (5.4) | 458 (5.5) | 622 (5.8) |
| Loop diuretics | 2,831 (24.9) | 649 (18.9) | 1,718 (20.0) | 3,384 (30.2) | 2,647 (24.3) | 716 (23.8) | 2,010 (24.3) | 2,686 (25.2) |
| Thiazides | 2,692 (23.7) | 858 (25) | 1,956 (22.8) | 2,547 (22.8) | 2,528 (23.2) | 699 (23.3) | 1,902 (23) | 2,430 (22.7) |
| Cholesterol lowering drugs | 6,089 (53.6) | 1,704 (49.6) | 4,257 (49.5) | 5,900 (52.7) | 5,710 (52.5) | 1,558 (51.8) | 4,301 (52) | 5,530 (51.8) |
| Insulin | 894 (7.9) | 233 (6.8) | 574 (6.7) | 1,141 (10.2) | 883 (8.1) | 244 (8.1) | 636 (7.7) | 894 (8.4) |
| Metformin | 1,731 (15.3) | 523 (15.2) | 1,366 (15.9) | 1,669 (14.9) | 1,689 (15.5) | 463 (15.4) | 1,292 (15.6) | 1,602 (15.0) |
| Other diabetes drugs | 1,468 (12.9) | 426 (12.4) | 1,050 (12.2) | 1,594 (14.2) | 1,396 (12.8) | 397 (13.2) | 1,064 (12.9) | 1,397 (13.1) |
| Antiulcer agents | 3,189 (28.1) | 774 (22.5) | 2,034 (23.7) | 3,236 (28.9) | 2,924 (26.9) | 788 (26.2) | 2,154 (26) | 2,861 (26.8) |
| Length of Baseline Period, yr, mean (SD) | 4.4 (3.6) | 4.3 (3.2) | 4.5 (3.5) | 4.3 (3.4) | 4.4 (3.4) | 4.2 (3.1) | 4.4 (3.4) | 4.3 (3.3) |
| Laboratory results, mean (SD)‡ | ||||||||
| Serum calcium, mg/dL | 9.4 (0.5) | 9.4 (0.4) | 9.4 (0.4) | 9.4 (0.5) | 9.4 (0.5) | 9.4 (0.4) | 9.4 (0.4) | 9.4 (0.5) |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.2 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.3) | 4.1 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.4) | 4.1 (0.4) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.5 (1.8) | 14 (1.7) | 13.9 (1.7) | 13.4 (1.9) | 13.6 (1.7) | 13.7 (1.7) | 13.7 (1.7) | 13.6 (1.8) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 92.3 (33.7) | 94.4 (32.2) | 94.3 (32.9) | 93 (33.5) | 92.6 (33.1) | 92.4 (29.4) | 92.9 (32.2) | 94.3 (32.9) |
| HbA1c, % | 6.6 (1.3) | 6.6 (1.3) | 6.6 (1.3) | 6.8 (1.4) | 6.6 (1.3) | 6.7 (1.3) | 6.6 (1.3) | 6.7 (1.3) |
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GI, gastrointestinal; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
*
Range, 0 to 9; higher score indicates higher risk of stroke. Point score is calculated as 1 point each for heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, and female sex; 2 points for 75 years or older and prior stroke, TIA, or thromboembolism.
†
Range, 0 to 9; higher score indicates higher risk of bleeding. Point score is calculated as 1 point each for hypertension, abnormal kidney function, abnormal liver function, prior stroke, prior bleeding or bleeding predisposition, labile international normalized ratio (INR), older than 65 years, medication usage predisposing to bleeding, and alcohol use. This study did not consider INR, so the range is 0 to 8.
‡
Laboratory results were not included in PS models but were balanced after balancing on other baseline characteristics