Table 3.
Prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) for CKD by demographic and medical risk factors (bold denotes statistical significance, WHR: waist/hip ratio, CVD: cardiovascular disease).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farmers | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1.33 (1.12–1.56) | 1.27 (1.09–1.49) | 1.2 (1.02–1.42) | 1.2 (1.01–1.42) |
| Age (for every 10 years) | 1.36 (1.29–1.44) | 1.35 (1.27–1.42) | 1.32 (1.24–1.4) | 1.31 (1.23–1.39) |
| Gender | ||||
| Males | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Females | 0.73 (0.62–0.86) | 0.8 (0.68–0.94) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.99 (0.78–1.25) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Past | 1.39 (0.97–2) | 1.24 (0.85–1.8) | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) | 0.92 (0.59–1.43) |
| Present | 1.82 (1.54–2.16) | 1.7 (1.35–2.13) | 1.48 (1.16–1.88) | 1.48 (1.16–1.88) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Past | 1.71 (1.34–2.18) | 1.19 (0.93–1.52) | 1.15 (0.89–1.48) | 1.14 (0.88–1.46) |
| Present | 1.66 (1.37–2.02) | 1.21 (0.99–1.48) | 1.09 (0.89–1.35) | 1.08 (0.88–1.34) |
| Chewing tobacco | ||||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Past | 1.03 (0.59–1.78) | 1.02 (0.6–1.72) | 1.06 (0.64–1.75) | 1.06 (0.64–1.76) |
| Present | 1.74 (1.42–2.13) | 1.52 (1.23–1.88) | 1.34 (1.08–1.67) | 1.33 (1.07–1.65) |
| Regular exercise | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 0.95 (0.69–1.32) | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) | 0.85 (0.6–1.22) | 0.86 (0.6–1.22) |
| Vegetarian diet | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 0.9 (0.71–1.16) | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) | 0.86 (0.68–1.1) |
| WHR (for every 1 cm) | 4.38 (1.7–11.25) | 0.81 (0.31–2.09) | 1.08 (0.39–2.94) | 1.09 (0.39–3.03) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1.27 (1.07–1.5) | 1.11 (0.94–1.3) | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | 1.09 (0.91–1.3) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.99 (0.81–1.2) | 0.97 (0.79–1.21) |
| Self-reported CVD | ||||
| No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1.15 (0.93–1.44) | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) | 1.13 (0.91–1.4) | 1.1 (0.88–1.37) |