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. 2020 Sep;74(3):215–227. doi: 10.1037/cep0000236

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© 2020 The Author(s)

This article has been published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s). Author(s) grant(s) the American Psychological Association the exclusive right to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher.

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Experiment 2. Panel a: The aquarium set up for Experiment 2. Panel b: The proportion of fish of each species that never engaged with the test apparatus. Panel c: The mean latency to first disk interaction by each species. Panel d: The mean latency (seconds) of each species to uncover fully hidden food over the four social conditions of solitary, conspecific visible during trials, conspecific always visible, and social control of a conspecific always present but hidden. Panel e: The mean number of food items accessed by each species. Error bars show standard error of the mean. Cooperatively breeding species are in light blue (light gray); noncooperatively breeding species are in dark blue (dark gray).