Table 2.
Regression of Outcomes Onto Social Deprivation Index and Covariatesa
| Variable | Mobility reduction outcomes |
SARS-CoV-2–related outcomes |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retail/Recreation |
Grocery/Pharmacy |
Work Place |
Cases/1,000 |
Deaths/100,000 |
||||||
| β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | |
| SDI | ||||||||||
| Low (referent) | ||||||||||
| Medium | -3.24 (-4.41 to -2.07) | <.001 | -2.51 (-3.77 to -1.25) | <.001 | -1.75 (-2.36 to -1.14) | <.001 | 1.39 (0.85 to 1.93) | <.001 | 1.63 (0.20 to 3.06) | .03 |
| High | -6.15 (-7.43 to -4.87) | <.001 | -4.68 (-6.10 to -3.26) | <.001 | -3.48 (-4.21 to -2.75) | <.001 | 2.56 (1.77 to 3.34) | <.001 | 5.09 (3.25 to 6.94) | <.001 |
| Cases/population on April 1, 2020 | 3.50 (2.54 to 4.46) | <.001 | 2.84 (1.76 to 3.92) | <.001 | 2.12 (1.45 to 2.79) | <.001 | 3.19 (2.59 to 3.78) | <.001 | 16.86 (10.04 to 23.68) | <.001 |
| Population densityb | 1.97 (1.21 to 2.73) | <.001 | 1.36 (0.76 to 1.97) | <.001 | 2.07 (1.27 to 2.88) | <.001 | 0.35 (0.06 to 0.64) | .017 | 2.63 (0.32 to 4.96) | .03 |
| Urbanizationc | ||||||||||
| Rural (referent) | ||||||||||
| Metropolitan | -1.17 (-2.30 to -0.04) | .04 | 4.70 (3.42 to 5.98) | <.001 | 5.46 (4.88 to 6.03) | <.001 | 0.55 (0.02 to 1.08) | .044 | 0.55 (-1.23 to 2.33) | .55 |
| Micropolitan | -3.18 (-4.37 to -1.99) | <.001 | 4.35 (2.98 to 5.71) | <.001 | 1.84 (1.28 to 2.40) | <.001 | 0.24 (-0.20 to 0.68) | .28 | -0.87 (-2.65 to 0.92) | .34 |
| Population (per 100,000) | 0.24 (0.05 to 0.42) | .01 | 0.27 (0.09 to 0.45) | .004 | 0.32 (0.06 to 0.56) | .02 | -0.01 (-0.05 to 0.030) | .69 | 0.17 (-0.06 to 0.39) | .14 |
SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SDI = Social deprivation index (County SDI level was classified as low, medium, and high, with high indicating the most deprived based off of tertile rank. Point estimates are calculated from linear regression models with state fixed effects. Robust standard errors were used.).
Population density is equal to thousands of persons per square land mile.
Metropolitan, micropolitan, and non–core based statistical area/rural designations were developed by the Office of Management and Budget. Metropolitan counties are associated with an urbanized area containing at least 50,000 individuals; micropolitan counties are associated with an urban cluster that includes 10,000 to 50,000 individuals; rural counties are not associated with an urbanized area or cluster.