Fig 4. Effective population size reconstructions for four sequence data simulations, all based on the same seasonal effective population size trajectory.

Upper left: Uniform sampling times, sampling-conditional posterior. Upper right: Sampling frequency proportional to effective population size, sampling-aware posterior. Lower left: Sampling frequency proportional to effective population times a time-covariate (exp(t)), sampling- and covariate-aware posterior. Lower right: Sampling frequency proportional to effective population size with a sampling spike, sampling- and covariate-aware posterior.