Table 3.

Hierarchical multiple regression examining the predictors and moderators of preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Variable				Model 1a				Model 2b				Model 3c				Model 4d				Model 5e
			βf		P value		β		P value		β		P value		β		P value		β		P value
Demographic
	Female gender			–.11		.001		–.12		<.001		–.12		<.001		–.12		<.001		–.13		<.001
	Age			.20		<.001		.20		<.001		.24		<.001		.24		<.001		.23		<.001
	Education
		Middle school	Reference		N/Ag		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A
		High school	.13		.13		.12		.17		.08		.33		.08		.34		.09		.29
		Associate degree	.13		.27		.12		.29		.07		.50		.07		.54		.08		.49
		Bachelor’s degree	.18		.25		.16		.29		.07		.63		.06		.67		.07		.62
		Master’s degree and above	.09		.38		.08		.42		.02		.83		.01		.95		.01		.91
	Income (¥)h
		<1500	Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A
		1500-3000	.05		.34		.02		.71		.06		.24		.06		.21		.07		.17
		3001-5000	.12		.08		.05		.44		.09		.17		.09		.16		.08		.18
		5001-8000	.19		.01		.10		.18		.11		.11		.12		.09		.11		.10
		8001-12,000	.23		.001		.12		.08		.13		.055		.13		.06		.13		.06
		12,001-20,000	.17		.002		.11		.049		.10		.07		.10		.070		.10		.07
		>20,000	.08		.06		.05		.26		.05		.23		.05		.18		.05		.17
	Marital status
		Married	Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A
		Single	.03		.54		.06		.21		.08		.08		.08		.07		.07		.09
		Divorced	.01		.78		.02		.50		.03		.34		.03		.31		.03		.33
		Separated	–.06		.09		–.05		.11		–.05		.16		–.04		.18		–.04		.18
		Cohabiting	–.07		.05		–.05		.14		–.05		.16		–.05		.13		–.05		.12
	Health status
		Good	Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A		Reference		N/A
		Severe disease	–.01		.88		.01		.80		.02		.61		.01		.72		.01		.71
		Chronic disease	–.07		.06		–.07		.03		–.07		.03		–.07		.03		–.07		.03
		Suboptimal health	–.12		.001		–.12		<.001		–.12		<.001		–.11		.001		–.11		.001
		Fair	–.17		<.001		–.15		<.001		–.13		<.001		–.13		<.001		–.13		<.001
Social media use
	Time			—i		—		–.03		.46		–.02		.51		–.02		.46		–.03		.40
	Frequency			—		—		.25		<.001		.20		<.001		.20		<.001		.20		<.001
Health literacy
	eHealth literacy			—		—		—		—		.26		<.001		.27		<.001		.27		<.001
	Disease knowledge			—		—		—		—		.11		.001		.11		.001		.11		.001
Interactions
	1. Social media use frequency × eHealth literacy			—		—		—		—		—		—		.07		.04		.05		.11
	2. Social media use frequency × disease knowledge			—		—		—		—		—		—		–.07		.03		–.07		.03
	3. Social media use time × eHealth literacy			—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		.02		.51
	4. Social media use time × disease knowledge			—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		.05		.15

^aAdjusted R²=0.11, ∆R²=0.13, P<.001.

^bAdjusted R²=0.16, ∆R²=0.05, P<.001.

^cAdjusted R²=0.23, ∆R²=0.07, P<.001.

^dAdjusted R²=0.24, ∆R²=0.01, P=.01.

^eAdjusted R²=0.24, ∆R²=0.002, P=.28.

^fβ: standardized regression coefficient.

^gN/A: not applicable.

^h1 ¥=US $0.14 on February 13, 2020.

ⁱ—: Not included in the model.