Fig. 1.

Heatmap of biochemical markers and their association with COVID-19 illness severity.

Heatmap shows biochemical signatures for each patient, arranged by WHO COVID-19 severity score. Visualisation was performed using the pheatmap R package. Biomarkers values are log10 transformed, centred and scaled. No patients had WHO severity scores 0, 1 or 2 as these are non-hospitalised patients. A score of 3 is hospitalised patients requiring no oxygen therapy; a score of 4 requires oxygen therapy; 5 requires non-invasive ventilation (NIV); of 6 requires intubation and mechanical ventilation; and 7 requires ventilation and additional organ support including vasopressors, renal replacement therapy and ECMO. A score of 8 is death. Higher levels of CRP, IL-6, IL-10 LDH and TNF-α are associated with higher WHO COVID-19 severity scores.