Table 1.
All patients |
WHO 3 Hospitalised |
WHO 4 & 5 Oxygen ± NIV |
WHO 6 & 7 Ventilated |
P-value |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 100 | 24 | 23 | 53 | |
Demographics | |||||
Age (years) | 59 (20–92) | 59 (20–90) | 64 (24–92) | 57 (33–71) | ≤0.0001 |
Male | 74 (75%) | 17 (71%) | 16 (70%) | 41(77%) | 0.715 |
Comorbidities | |||||
Diabetes | 25 | 9 | 1 | 14 | ≤0.005 |
Hypertension | 37 | 9 | 8 | 19 | 0.005 |
Cardiovascular disease | 12 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 0.53 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 8 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0.16 |
Malignancy | 10 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0.88 |
Current smoker | 13 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 0.632 |
Clinical features | |||||
Fever on admission | 84 | 19 | 18 | 47 | ≤0.0001 |
Rigors | 21 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 0.03 |
Cough | 77 | 17 | 17 | 43 | ≤0.0001 |
Breathlessness | 73 | 10 | 20 | 43 | ≤0.0001 |
Sputum | 15 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 0.091 |
Fatigue | 32 | 5 | 7 | 20 | ≤0.01 |
Myalgia | 16 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 0.099 |
Anosmia | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.61 |
Sore throat | 10 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 0.15 |
Headache | 12 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0.37 |
Diarrhoea | 15 | 5 | 1 | 9 | ≤0.05 |
Nausea | 15 | 4 | 2 | 9 | 0.074 |
Vomiting | 9 | 3 | 0 | 6 | ≤0.050 |
Normal chest x-ray | 18 | 16 | 2 | 0 | ≤0.0001 |
Focal consolidation | 8 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.13 |
Bilateral consolidation | 74 | 4 | 17 | 53 | ≤0.0001 |
Treatment | |||||
Dialysis | 17 | 0 | 1 | 16 | ≤0.0001 |
Antibiotics | 75 | 7 | 21 | 47 | ≤0.0001 |
Antivirals | 7 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0.37 |
Steroids | 28 | 3 | 4 | 21 | ≤0.0001 |
Biomarkers | |||||
IL-1β pg/ml | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | ≤0.05 |
IL-6 pg/ml | 50.8 | 5.9 | 16.1 | 85.4 | ≤0.0001 |
TNFα pg/ml | 5.2 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 6.1 | 0.10 |
IL-10 pg/ml | 3.4 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 4.4 | ≤0.0001 |
Lymphocyte x10^9/l | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.22 |
CRP mg/l | 102.7 | 49.4 | 73.3 | 135.7 | ≤0.0001 |
D-dimer ug/l | 7131 | 4007 | 6490 | 8732 | ≤0.0001 |
Ferritin ug/l | 1470 | 945 | 2129 | 1436 | ≤0.001 |
LDH IU/l | 406.5 | 311.0 | 378.4 | 451.7 | ≤0.001 |
Fibrinogen g/l | 17.6 | 4.2 | 5.0 | 26.0 | ≤0.001 |
Platelets x10^9/l | 295.4 | 274.9 | 274.5 | 314.0 | 0.24 |
Bold indicates the significance of P value ≤0.05.