Table 1.

Demographic characteristics, features of COVID-19 infection and biomarkers stratified against the WHO COVID-19 ordinal severity scale.

	All patients	WHO 3 Hospitalised	WHO 4 & 5 Oxygen ± NIV	WHO 6 & 7 Ventilated	P-value
Number of patients	100	24	23	53
Demographics
Age (years)	59 (20–92)	59 (20–90)	64 (24–92)	57 (33–71)	≤0.0001
Male	74 (75%)	17 (71%)	16 (70%)	41(77%)	0.715
Comorbidities
Diabetes	25	9	1	14	≤0.005
Hypertension	37	9	8	19	0.005
Cardiovascular disease	12	4	5	2	0.53
Cerebrovascular disease	8	4	3	0	0.16
Malignancy	10	3	3	2	0.88
Current smoker	13	4	3	6	0.632
Clinical features
Fever on admission	84	19	18	47	≤0.0001
Rigors	21	2	7	12	0.03
Cough	77	17	17	43	≤0.0001
Breathlessness	73	10	20	43	≤0.0001
Sputum	15	1	7	7	0.091
Fatigue	32	5	7	20	≤0.01
Myalgia	16	5	2	9	0.099
Anosmia	2	1	1	0	0.61
Sore throat	10	3	1	6	0.15
Headache	12	6	2	4	0.37
Diarrhoea	15	5	1	9	≤0.05
Nausea	15	4	2	9	0.074
Vomiting	9	3	0	6	≤0.050
Normal chest x-ray	18	16	2	0	≤0.0001
Focal consolidation	8	4	4	0	0.13
Bilateral consolidation	74	4	17	53	≤0.0001
Treatment
Dialysis	17	0	1	16	≤0.0001
Antibiotics	75	7	21	47	≤0.0001
Antivirals	7	1	2	4	0.37
Steroids	28	3	4	21	≤0.0001
Biomarkers
IL-1β pg/ml	0.4	0.7	0.2	0.4	≤0.05
IL-6 pg/ml	50.8	5.9	16.1	85.4	≤0.0001
TNFα pg/ml	5.2	4.1	4.4	6.1	0.10
IL-10 pg/ml	3.4	1.5	3.2	4.4	≤0.0001
Lymphocyte x10^9/l	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	0.22
CRP mg/l	102.7	49.4	73.3	135.7	≤0.0001
D-dimer ug/l	7131	4007	6490	8732	≤0.0001
Ferritin ug/l	1470	945	2129	1436	≤0.001
LDH IU/l	406.5	311.0	378.4	451.7	≤0.001
Fibrinogen g/l	17.6	4.2	5.0	26.0	≤0.001
Platelets x10^9/l	295.4	274.9	274.5	314.0	0.24

Bold indicates the significance of P value ≤0.05.