Table 2.
Age-Adjusted Mortality Rates for ARF-Related and ARDS-Related Mortality Stratified by Demographic Subgroups
| Variable | Age-Adjusted Mortality Rate per 100,000 People (95% CI) |
Annual Percentage Change (95% CI) | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |||
| Overall | |||||||
| ARF | 74.9 (74.6-75.2) | 78.8 (78.5-79.1) | 80.8 (80.5-81.1) | 84.6 (84.3-84.9) | 85.6 (85.3-85.9) | 3.4 (2.2-4.6) | .003 |
| ARDS | 3.2 (3.2-3.3) | 2.9 (2.8-2.9) | 3.2 (3.1-3.2) | 3.0 (2.9-3.0) | 3.0 (3.0-3.1) | −0.9 (−5.4 to 3.8) | .56 |
| Sex | |||||||
| ARF | |||||||
| Male | 86.9 (86.4-87.4) | 91.3 (90.8-91.7) | 93.4 (92.9-93.8) | 97.4 (96.9-97.9) | 98.7 (98.3-99.3) | 3.2 (2.2-4.3) | .002 |
| Female | 66.0 (65.7-66.4) | 69.5 (69.1-69.8) | 71.2 (70.9-71.6) | 74.9 (74.5-75.3) | 75.5 (75.2-75.9) | 3.5 (2.2-4.8) | .004 |
| ARDS | |||||||
| Male | 2.3 (2.3-2.4) | 3.4 (3.3-3.5) | 3.6 (3.5-3.7) | 3.4 (3.4-3.5) | 3.4 (3.3-3.5) | 5.6 (−8.8 to 22.3) | .32 |
| Female | 2.3 (2.3-2.4) | 2.5 (2.5-2.6) | 2.8 (2.7-2.9) | 2.6 (2.6-2.7) | 2.8 (2.7-2.8) | 3.2 (−2.2 to 8.9) | .16 |
| Age Group, y | |||||||
| ARF | |||||||
| ≤ 24 | 2.3 (2.2-2.4) | 2.3 (2.2-2.4) | 2.6 (2.5-2.7) | 2.4 (2.3-2.5) | 2.5 (2.4-2.6) | 2.5 (−1.2 to 6.2) | .13 |
| 25-44 | 8.2 (8.0-9.4) | 8.3 (8.1-8.5) | 9.2 (9.0-9.4) | 9.3 (9.1-9.5) | 9.8 (9.6-10.0) | 4.6 (2.2-7.1) | .009 |
| 45-64 | 58.3 (57.8-58.9) | 60.1 (59.6-60.6) | 63.7 (63.2-64.3) | 65.5 (64.9-66.0) | 67.1 (66.5-67.6) | 3.7 (2.6-4.9) | .002 |
| ≥ 65 | 431.7 (429.8-433.7) | 457.7 (455.7-459.6) | 463.3 (461.4-465.3) | 489.1 (487.1-491.0) | 492.2 (490.2-494.1) | 3.3 (1.7-4.9) | .007 |
| ARDS | |||||||
| ≤ 24 | 0.3 (0.3-0.4) | 0.3 (0.3-0.3) | 0.4 (0.3-0.4) | 0.3 (0.3-0. .3) | 0.3 (0.3-0.4) | 1.0 (−6.9 to 9.6) | .73 |
| 25-44 | 1.3 (1.2-1.3) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) | 1.2 (1.1-1.2) | 1.1 (1.0-1.2) | 1.2 (1.1-1.3) | −1.0 (−10.0 to 9.0) | .77 |
| 45-64 | 4.8 (4.7-4.9) | 3.9 (3.8-4.1) | 4.6 (4.5-4.7) | 4.1 (4.0-4.3) | 4.3 (4.2-4.5) | −1.7 (−9.9 to 7.3) | .58 |
| ≥ 65 | 11.5 (11.2-11.8) | 11.3 (11.0-11.7) | 11.7 (11.3-12.0) | 11.5 (11.2-11.8) | 11.1 (10.8-11.4) | −0.60 (−2.6 to 1.4) | .41 |
| Race or ethnicity | |||||||
| ARF | |||||||
| NH White | 75.7 (75.4-76.0) | 80.0 (79.6-80.3) | 81.8 (81.5-82.2) | 86.1 (85.7-86.4) | 87.1 (86.8-87.5) | 3.6 (2.3-4.9) | .003 |
| NH Black | 86.2 (85.1-87.2) | 89.3 (88.2-90.3) | 93.0 (92.0-94.1) | 95.6 (94.6-96.7) | 97.4 (96.4-98.5) | 3.2 (2.3-4.0) | .001 |
| NH Asian/Pacific Islander | 47.1 (46.0-48.2) | 48.6 (47.5-49.7) | 48.7 (47.6-49.8) | 50.7 (49.6-51.7) | 50.6 (49.6-51.7) | 1.9 (0.8-3.0) | .01 |
| NH American Indian/Alaska Native | 82.0 (77.8-86.1) | 89.2 (85.0-93.4) | 88.6 (84.5-92.7) | 90.8 (86.7-94.8) | 90.0 (86.1-93.9) | 1.9 (−1.0 to 4.9) | .12 |
| Hispanic | 63.3 (62.4-64.3) | 64.8. (63.8-65.7) | 68.4 (67.5-69.4) | 71.4 (70.4-72.3) | 72.7 (71.7-73.6) | 3.8 (2.6-5.0) | .002 |
| ARDS | |||||||
| NH White | 3.2 (3.1-3.2) | 2.8 (2.7-2.9) | 3.1 (3.0-3.2) | 2.9 (2.8-3.0) | 3.0 (2.9-3.0) | −1.2 (−6.2 to 4.2) | .53 |
| NH Black | 3.7 (3.5-3.9) | 3.4 (3.3-3.6) | 3.7 (3.5-3.9) | 3.6 (3.4-3.8) | 3.7 (3.5-3.9) | 0.3 (−2.8 to 3.6) | .76 |
| NH Asian/Pacific Islander | 2.6 (2.4-2.9) | 2.6 (2.3-2.8) | 2.5 (2.3-2.8) | 2.6 (2.4-2.8) | 2.5 (2.3-2.7) | −0.9 (−2.7 to 1.0) | .22 |
| NH American Indian/Alaska Native | 6.9 (5.8-8.0) | 6.1 (5.1-7.0) | 5.6 (4.6-6.5) | 5.6 (4.7-6.6) | 5.7 (4.8-6.6) | −4.3 (−9.6 to 1.4) | .09 |
| Hispanic | 3.1 (2.9-3.3) | 2.8 (2.6-2.9) | 3.2 (3.0-3.4) | 3.1 (2.9-3.3) | 2.9 (2.8-3.1) | 0.1 (−6.3 to 7.0) | .96 |
| Urbanization | |||||||
| ARF | |||||||
| Nonmetropolitan | 82.6 (81.8-83.3) | 87.6 (86.8-88.4) | 91.1 (90.3-91.9) | 95.8 (95.0-96.6) | 97.4 (96.6-98.1) | 4.2 (2.8-5.6) | .002 |
| Metropolitan | 73.4 (73.1-73.7) | 77.1 (76.8-77.4) | 78.8 (78.5-79.1) | 82.5 (82.2-82.8) | 83.4 (83.1-83.7) | 3.2 (2.1-4.4) | .003 |
| ARDS | |||||||
| Nonmetropolitan | 4.1 (3.9-4.2) | 3.4 (3.3-3.6) | 3.9 (3.7-4.1) | 3.5 (3.3-3.6) | 3.7 (3.5-3.8) | −2.0 (−9.0 to 5.6) | .45 |
| Metropolitan | 3.1 (3.0-3.1) | 2.8 (2.7-2.9) | 3.0 (3.0-3.1) | 2.9 (2.8-3.0) | 2.9 (2.8-3.0) | −0.7 (−4.6 to 3.5) | .64 |
| Region | |||||||
| ARF | |||||||
| Northeast | 75.2 (74.5-75.9) | 79.7 (79.0-80.4) | 79.2 (78.5-79.9) | 82.9 (82.3-83.6) | 84.2 (83.5-84.9) | 2.7 (1.1-4.3) | .01 |
| Midwest | 68.3 (67.7-68.9) | 73.3 (72.7-73.9) | 75.2 (74.6-75.8) | 78.8 (78.2-79.4) | 80.9 (80.3-81.6) | 4.2 (2.8-5.5) | .002 |
| South | 80.7 (80.2-81.2) | 82.9 (82.4-83.4) | 85.6 (85.1-86.1) | 89.9 (89.4-90.4) | 91.3 (90.8-91.8) | 3.3 (2.4-4.2) | .001 |
| West | 71.2 (70.5-71.8) | 76.1 (75.4-76.7) | 79.1 (78.5-79.7) | 82.3 (81.7-83.0) | 81.2 (80.6-81.8) | 3.4 (0.7-6.2) | .03 |
| ARDS | |||||||
| Northeast | 2.7 (2.6-2.8) | 2.4 (2.3-2.6) | 2.7 (2.6-2.9) | 2.6 (2.4-2.7) | 2.6 (2.5-2.7) | −0.4 (−5.1 to 4.5) | .80 |
| Midwest | 3.1 (2.9-3.2) | 2.8 (2.7-2.9) | 3.0 (2.9-3.1) | 2.7 (2.6-2.8) | 2.8 (2.7-3.0) | −1.8 (−6.0 to 2.6) | .28 |
| South | 2.3 (2.3-2.4) | 3.1 (3.0-3.2) | 3.5 (3.4-3.6) | 3.3 (3.2-3.4) | 3.3 (3.2-3.4) | 6.6 (−5.5 to 20.2) | .19 |
| West | 2.3 (2.3-2.4) | 2.9 (2.7-3.0) | 3.2 (3.1-3.3) | 3.1 (2.9-3.2) | 3.0 (2.9-3.1) | 6.3 (−3.1 to 16.6) | .13 |
ARF = acute respiratory failure; NH = non-Hispanic.