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. 2020 Oct 23;413(3):727–762. doi: 10.1007/s00216-020-03002-y

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© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 15 — a Schematic representation for the fabrication of nanobioprobes via the coimmobilization of antibody and HRP on to monodispersed silica NPs and assay procedure utilized to synthesize microfluidic paper-based electrochemical immunodevice (AFP was given as an example) and b electrocatalytic currents detected for the different antigens on the different working electrodes (source: reprinted from Wu Y, Xue P, Kang Y, Hui KM. Paper-based microfluidic electrochemical immunodevice integrated with nanobioprobes onto graphene film for ultrasensitive multiplexed detection of cancer biomarkers. Anal Chem. 2013;85:8661–8, copyright@2013,ACS)