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. 2020 Oct 23;413(3):727–762. doi: 10.1007/s00216-020-03002-y

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© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 16 — Schematic representation for the preparation of NH₂-G/Thi/AuNPs nanocomposites and immune assay protocol for a antigen CEA and b CA125; c DPV responses of immunosensor for the detection of CEA in clinical serum sample with different concentrations; d photographs of the WE, REF, and counter electrode after cutting (source: reprinted from Wang Y, Xu H, Luo J, Liu J, Wang L, Fan YA. novel label-free microfluidic paper-based immunosensor for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of carcinoembryonic antigen. Biosens Bioelectron.2016;83:319–26, with permission from Elsevier). e DPV responses of immunosensor for the detection of CA 125 with different concentrations. f Photograph of immunosensor with silver pad for the detection of CA 125 (source: reprinted from Fan Y, Shi S, Ma J, Guo Y. A paper-based electrochemical immunosensor with reduced graphene oxide/thionine/gold nanoparticles nanocomposites modification for the detection of cancer antigen 125. Biosens Bioelectron. 2019;135:1–7, with permission from Elsevier)