. 2020 Oct 22;10:18013. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74740-3

Table 6.

Observed changes in trend of phenology of agronomic crops in different countries.

Crop	Continent	Adaptation strategies	References
Wheat	Asia, Spain, Australia, South America, Europe	Early Sowing, Sowing/planting dates adjustment	^{5,25,60,81,88,101,109,140,189,192–200}
	Asia	Cultivars requiring higher GDDs; Improved cultivars; Use of heat tolerant cultivars;	^{14,109,127,140,198,201}
	Asia, South America	Optimum plant population	^178,198
Rice	Asia	Sowing date	^{88,144,202,203}
	Asia	Varieties requiring higher GDDs	^{70,106,107,204–208}
	Asia	Direct planting	^209,210
	Asia	Early maturing, Climate ready rice	^211,212
	Asia	System of rice intensification with alternate wetting and drying	²¹³
	Asia	Improved variety and management	²¹⁴
Maize	South Asia	Sowing date	^{78,92,140,141,145,149,215}
	Asia, America	Early maturing cultivars; Varieties requiring higher GDDs	^144,216
	Asia	Raised bed planting	^216–220
	Asia	Precision nutrient management	²²¹
Oat	Europe	Varieties with larger thermal time	⁵²
Rye	Poland, Europe	Late maturing cultivars, Plant density	^{60,125,134,199,200}
Millet	South Asia	Planting time; Plant spacing	^222–224